Detergents industry

Regular replacement of brighteners degraded during use improves the acceptance of textile articles and thus helps extend their service lives [137,138], Optical brighteners are therefore used in laundry detergents and are required above all for cotton fabrics [139], 

Heavy-DutyPowders. Appropriate brighteners for regions with low washing temperatures include 17 and especially 10 with its better lightfastness. FWAs such as 18 and especially 20 are used in countries where typical washing temperatures are moderate to high [140], 

Heavy-Duty Liquid Detergents. The ease of incorporation and affinity of FWAs are crucial in such formulations. Heavy-duty liquid detergents can also be employed as prespotters that are applied in concentrated form to heavily soiled areas before the normal washing process. Bright spots can be formed, especially on colored fabrics, due to washing out of the color they are intensified by the fluorescence of the locally high FWA concentration. For this reason, FWAs have been developed which cause less pronounced spotting that cannot be seen. The main products in use are 10 and 21 [143], 

The addition of bleaches to aqueous or nonaqueous heavy-duty liquid detergents will impose even more stringent stability requirements on FWAs [144-146], 

Other Laundry Products. Laundry boosters are bleaching systems that are added separately to the wash. They contain 10 as a brightener this compound is easy to incorporate and shows good compatibility and stability during storage [147], 

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The 94% acid from the sulphur dioxide drying towers (above) is used here and its strength brought up to 98 %. This is concentrated sulphuric acid. Stronger acid up to 106% may also be made. This concentration is suitable for sulphonating in, for example, the detergent industry. 

Table 5. Fluorescent Whitening Agents in the Detergent Industry...

Detergents. The detergent industry consumes a large quantity of a-olefins through a variety of processes. Higher olefins used to produce detergent actives typically contain 10—16 carbon atoms because they have the desired hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. 

About 264,000 metric tons of elemental capacity is available in North America, plus another 79,000 t (P equivalent) of purified wet phosphoric acid (14). About 85% of the elemental P is burned to P2 5 hydrated to phosphoric acid. Part of the acid (ca 21%) is used direcdy, but the biggest part is converted to phosphate compounds. Sodium phosphates account for 47% calcium, potassium, and ammonium phosphates account for 17%. Pinal apphcations include home laundry and automatic dishwasher detergents, industrial and institutional cleaners, food and beverages, metal cleaning and treatment, potable water and wastewater treatment, antifree2e, and electronics. The purified wet acid serves the same markets. 

The synthetic detergent industry has become one of the largest chemical process industries (see Detergency). Sales in 1989 were estimated at more than 4 biUion in the United States alone. As of 1989, the worldwide aimual production of linear a1ky1hen2ene (LAB) and branched a1ky1hen2ene (DDE) was estimated to be about 1.8 million tons and 230,000 tons, respectively (71,72). 

Specifications vary with use. The paper and detergent industries are concerned with whiteness and specify various methods to describe color and black or dark specks. It is also important in the detergent industry that sodium sulfate has a particle size and density compatible with other components in the blend to eliminate segregation when it is handled. A typical specification for detergent-grade sodium sulfate is given in Table 5. 

W. H. deGroot, Sulphonation Technology in the Detergent Industry, Kluwer Academic Pubhshers, Dorrecht, the Netherlands, 1991. 

W. Groot, Sulfonation Technology in the Detergent Industry, Kluwar Academic Pubhshers, Boston, Mass., 1991, pp. 181—194. 

W. E. Bishop, C. C. Kuta, aud C. A. Pittiager, "Life Cycle Analysis aud Its Relevaace to the Detergent Industry," paper presented Nen> Honan s 92 CSMA.IAOCS Detergent Industry Conference, Bolton Lauding, New York, Sept. 14, 1992. 

M. Walker, Recent Advances in Detergent Industry, Book of Abstracts, SCI, University of Cambridge, 1990, pp. 48—51. 

Oligomerization of Ethylene. 1-Butene is a small by-product in the production of linear alpha-olefins by oligomerisation of ethylene. Linear alpha-olefins have one double bond at the terminal position and comprise the homologous series of compounds with carbon atoms between 4 and 19. The primary use of alpha-olefins is in the detergent industry. About 245,000 t/yr of 1-butene was produced for chemical use in the Gulf Coast of the United States in 1988 (72). 

Chlorosulfuric acid attacks brass, bronze, lead, and most other nonferrous metals. From a corrosion standpoint, carbon steel and cast Hon are acceptable below 35°C provided color and Hon content is not a concern. Stainless steels (300-series) and certain aluminum alloys are acceptable materials of constmction, as is HasteUoy. Glass, glass-lined steel, or Teflon-lined piping and equipment are the preferred materials at elevated temperatures and/or high velocities or where trace Hon contamination is a problem, such as in the synthetic detergent industry. 

The efforts of the detergent industry toward solution of its part of the eutrophication problem are, at this point, less complete than its response to the biodegradabihty problem. Soda ash, Na2C02, sodium siUcate, and, to a lesser extent, sodium citrate formed the basis of the early formulations marketed in the areas where phosphates were harmed. Technically, these substances are considerably less effective than sodium tripolyphosphate. As a precipitant builder, soda ash can lead to undesirable deposits of calcium carbonate on textiles and on washing machines. 

The detergent industry is the largest user of industrial enzymes. The starch industry, the first significant user of enzymes, developed special symps that could not be made by means of conventional chemical hydrolysis. These were the first products made entirely by enzymatic processes. Materials such as textiles and leather can be produced in a more rational way when using enzyme technology. Eoodstuffs and components of animal feed can be produced by enzymatic processes that require less energy, less equipment, or fewer chemicals compared with traditional techniques. 

Includes everything except rennet and papain bulk share is in the detergent industry. 

Kevised Operating Guidelines 5th Keport, The Soap and Detergent Industry Association, Hayes, Middlesex, UK, 1991. 

Continuous fluid-bed granulators are used in the fertilizer and detergent industries. For fertilizer apphcations, near-size grannies are recycled to control the granule size distribution. Dust is not recycled directly, but first remelted or slurried in the liquid feed. 

Alkylbenzenes are the commonest organic feedstocks found in the detergent industry, followed by ethoxylated alcohols, primary alcohols, and, Finally, a-olefins. Methylesters have been minimally applied so far. 

The detergent industry requires process equipment having high operation flexibility, low energy demand, low operation cost, consistent production yield, and, of course, ecological optimization with respect to effluents and air pollution control. To comply with these requirements, the continuous S03/gas sulfonation and double-step neutralization are the basic principles applied in multitube falling film reactor and Neutrex neutralization (Fig. 5). 

The detergent industry hoped that this story would be repeated. It spent a lot of money on research and found a partial substitute for the phosphate, sodium nitrilo-triacetate (NTA). The chemical industry began to build plants for its production. Monsanto, which had built a plant to produce 75,000,000 lb / yr (35,000,000 kg / yr), planned to double that plant s capacity and to add another one to produce... 

The paper industry is the second most important user of FBAs after the detergent industry, most of the products applied to paper being of the DAST type. 

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