Basic raw materials

When oereal straw is gathered from horse stables, it is oalled horse manure . Although oulti-vators call it by this name, the material is actually 90% straw and 10% manure. This horse manure includes the droppings, urine and straw that has been bedding material. The quality of this 

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The main commercial source of methane, ethane, and propane is natural gas, which is found ia many areas of the world ia porous reservoirs they are associated either with cmde oil (associated gas) or ia gas reservoirs ia which no oil is present (nonassociated gas). These gases are basic raw materials for the organic chemical industry as well as sources of energy. The composition of natural gas varies widely but the principal hydrocarbon usually is methane (see Gas, natural). Compositions of typical natural gases are Hsted ia Table 2. 

Inks. Basic raw materials for letterpress inks, such as mineral oils, soya bean oil, resins, and pigments, are essentiaHy the same as those used in web offset inks. Inks are tinctoriaHy weak, relatively fluid, and their low and high shear viscosities are low. 

Production Rc-quirc-mc-nts. Production of commodity chemicals usuaHy requkes large dedicated plants, generaHy in continuous operation and often with a proprietary process. A basic raw material position is preferred and is sometimes requked. Specialty chemicals, on the other hand, requke smaH- to medium-sized batch-type plants with inherent flexibHity. A basic raw material position is rarely requked. 

Historical hst prices for bulk quantities of selected methacrylates ate given in Table 7 (134). The historical price trends reflect the combined effects of improved manufacturing capabihty and the market price of cmde oil, the basic raw material to which these materials are ultimately tied. 

Calcium Phosphates. The alkaline-earth phosphates are generally much less soluble than those of the alkaH metals. Calcium phosphates include the most abundant natural form of phosphoms, ie, apatites, Ca2Q(P0 3X2, where X = OH, F, Cl, etc. Apatite ores are the predominant basic raw material for the production of phosphoms and its derivatives. Calcium phosphates are the main component of bones and teeth. After sodium phosphates, the calcium salts are the next largest volume technical- and food-grade phosphates. Many commercial appHcations of the calcium phosphates depend on thek low solubiHties. 

Approximately 98% of the potassium recovered ia primary ore and natural brine refining operations is recovered as potassium chloride. The remaining 2% consists of potassium recovered from a variety of sources. Potassium produced from these sources occurs as potassium sulfate combiaed with magnesium sulfate. Prom a practical point of view, the basic raw material for ak of the potassium compounds discussed ia this article, except potassium tartrate, is potassium chloride. Physical properties of selected potassium compounds are Hsted ia Table 3, solubkities ia Table 4. 

Basic raw materials are susceptible to hydration and therefore specialty products are shipped dry and mixed with water on-site for gunning or ramming. Certain basic specialties are offered with organic vehicles such as oils and can be used without on-site mixing. Information on manufacturing can be found in References 26—30. 

Sulfur (qv) is among the most widely used chemicals and often considered to be one of the four basic raw materials of the chemical iadustry. In 1993, worldwide production of sulfur reached 55 million metric tons (1). Production of sulfuric acid consumes the vast majority (- 90%) of sulfur (2) (see Sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide). This acid is a steppiag stone ia the production of other sulfur-containing compounds, most notably ammonium sulfate fertilizer which accounts for 60% of the total worldwide sulfur consumption (2) (see Ammonium compounds Fertilizers). 

Preparation ndMa.nufa.cture. Monoorganotin haHdes are the basic raw materials for all other triorganotin compounds and are generally prepared by Kocheshkov redistribution from the tetraorganotin, eg, tetrabutyltin or the higher organotin haHdes ... 

Toluene Diisocyanate. Toluene diisocyanate is the basic raw material for production of flexible polyurethane foams. It is produced by the reaction sequence shown below, in which toluene is dinitrated, the dinitrotoluene is hydrogenated to yield 2,4-diaminotoluene, and this diamine in turn is treated with phosgene to yield toluene 2,4-diisocyanate. 

The basic raw materials for the production of beer are sweet worts formed by en2ymatic hydrolysis of cereal starches. The principal cereal is barley which, after malting, is also the source of en2ymes that hydroly2e starches, glucans, and proteins. In some countries, eg, Germany, the mash biH consists... 

Heating the ammonium beryUium carbonate solution to 95°C causes nearly quantitative precipitation of beryUium basic carbonate [66104-24-3], Be(OH)2 2BeC02. Evolved carbon dioxide and ammonia are recovered for recycle as the strip solution. Continued heating of the beryUium basic carbonate slurry to 165°C Hberates the remaining carbon dioxide and the resulting beryUium hydroxide [13327-32-7] intermediate is recovered by filtration. The hydroxide is the basic raw material for processing into beryUium metal, copper—beryUium and other aUoys, and beryUia [1304-56-9] for ceramic products. Approximately 90% of the beryUium content of bertrandite is recovered by this process. 

Raw Materials. The basic raw materials limestone and coke or coal (qv) should be high quaHty. Limestone should contain a minimum of 95—97% CaCO and a maximum of 1.5% MgCO, 1—1.5% Si02, 1% Fe202 plus AI2O2, and 0.006% phosphoms (see Lime and limestone). The limestone is first converted to lime in a rotary or vertical shaft kiln. The lime is screened to eliminate fines that interfere with the evolution of carbon monoxide in the smelting process. 

Historically, citric acid was isolated by crystallization from lemon juice and later was recognized as a microbial metabohte. This work led to the development of commercial fermentation technology (13). The basic raw materials for making citric acid include com starch, molasses (sugar cane, beet sugar), and normal paraffin hydrocarbons. 

The direct process involves significantly fewer steps than the Grignard process and is more economical in the use of raw materials. This may be seen by considering the production of chlorosilanes by both processes starting from the basic raw materials. For the Grignard process the basic materials will normally be sand, coke, chlorine and methane and the following steps will be necessary before the actual Grignard reaction ... 

Rochow has summed the entire Grignard process from basic raw material to polymer as ... 

However, in general these fabrication and performance advantages are common to all plastics and so a decision has to be made in regard to which plastic would be best for a particular application. Rather than compare the basic raw material costs it is better to use a cost index on the basis of the cost to achieve a certain performance. Consider again the material selection procedures illustrated in Section 1.4.1 in relation to strength and stiffness. 

Even with direct access to the basic raw materials, the refiners were slow to enter the field. Eventually, in the years leading up to World War II, the refiners began to perceive how their refining operations could be supplemented by petrochemical manufacture. By the start of world War II, they were beginning to compete m earnest with the chemical industiy in petrochemical synthetics markets. Between 1929 and 1941, the byproduct refinery gases consumed by both the chemical and petroleum industries for the purpose of manufacturing chemicals more than doubled, from 38.6 million barrels to 83.4 million barrels. 

In general, primary raw materials are naturally occurring substances that have not been subjected to chemical changes after being recovered. Natural gas and crude oils are the basic raw materials for the manufacture of petrochemicals. The first part of this chapter deals with natural gas. The second part discusses crude oils and their properties. 

Control All control points starting with the basic raw materials right through to the finished product must be identified. Descriptions of the specifications, test methods, reference standards, and methods validation data should be included. 

In our case, we define a formula as consisting of raw materials and/or other formulas. We develop a modelling procedure we call to determine formula characteristics from raw material properties, and give it the recursive property of being able to call itself when it encounters a formula used as a raw material. The procedures terminate when all formulas are resolved into basic raw materials. This terminating condition cannot be met if any formula contains a reference to itself, either directly or indirectly, through another formula. 

Imagine wanting to construct a list of all raw materials involved in a formula containing formulated intermediates. Such a list is a pair of arrays showing all basic raw material codes and amounts. For instance, if a formula contains components A and B, where B is a raw material and A is a formulated intermediate containing raw materials X, Y and Z, then the list would contain data for X, Y, Z and B. 

Lever Brothers, since it had to decide how to obtain the sodium citrate, had another host of alternatives to consider. It could produce or buy the product. If it chose to produce the builder, it could purchase the process from another firm or it could develop its own process. It could make the product from basic raw materials or from intermediate compounds. If it decided to let some other firm be the producer, it could buy the material on the open market or enter into a long-term agreement with another company. It might even do both by forming a joint company, such as Dow Coming, that would manufacture the builder. It could even buy a company that was currently producing it. All these possibilities must be economically evaluated to determine the best course of action to take. 

Signed] Henry Marshall, Zenas Crane, and John Willard As the above notice indicates, cloth rags were the basic raw material for conversion into pulp for high-quality, rag-based paper products. Although Zenas Crane retired in 1842, his sons James Brewer Crane and Zenas Marshall Crane... 

The Flixborough Works of Nypro Limited was designed to produce 70,000 tons per year of caprolactam, a basic raw material for the production of nylon. The process uses cyclohexane,... 

Synthetic organic chemists have simplified many processes, using catalysts to make useful chemicals in one step from basic raw materials such as propane. The gigantic paper and pulp industry has devised many new bleaching processes to replace traditional chlorine bleaching. 

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