Benefit-to-cost ratio

In considering either multiple payments or cash into and out of a company, the present values are additive. For example, at 6 percent interest, the present value of receiving both 1,000 in one year and 1,000 in three years would be 943.40 + 839.62 = 1,783.06. Similarly, if one were to receive 1,000 in one year, and pay 1,000 in 3 years the present value would be 943.40 - 839.62 = 103.78. It is common practice to compare investment options based on the present-value equation shown above. We may also apply one or all of the following four factors when comparing investment options Payback Period Internal Rale of Return Benefit-to-cost Ratio and Present Value of Net Benefit. But as we will see later, it is rate of return that is usually the most enlightening when considering an investment. 

It is eommon praetice to eompare investment options based on the present-value equation shown above. We may also apply one or all of the following four factors when comparing investment options Paybaek period Internal rate of return Benefit-to-cost ratio and Present value of net benefit. 

Third, there are water savings to be made, which further reduces the cost to the customer and improves the program benefit to cost ratio. 

In seven papers, the study design was sufficiently rigorous to allow the results to be expressed as a benefit-to-cost ratio. The calculated benefit-to-cost ratios for these seven studies ranged from 1.08 1 to 75.84 1 (mean 16.7 1). In other words, for every dollar invested in clinical pharmacy services, on average, 16.70 of benefit was realized. Overall, the body of literature contains a wealth of information pertinent to the value of the clinical practice of pharmacy. 

Since the ultimate objective of environmental performance improvement is to invest more in improvement, the steady-state feature of LCI can cause problems. For gate-to-gate analysis, such as a direct comparison between two manufacturing processes where the time dimension is minimal, one can make a direct environmental benelit comparison and divide by the investment cost for each alternative to derive a benefit to cost ratio. The prudent investor would gain more environmental benefit by investing where the ratio of benefit to cost is highest. 

These costs and benefits are expressed as a ratio (a benefit-to-cost ratio), a net benefit, or a net cost. A chnical decision maker would choose the program or treatment alternative with the highest net benefit or the greatest benefit-to-cost (B/C) ratio. Guidelines for the interpretation of this ratio are indicated ... 

Considering development and research status, complexity of technology and benefit to cost ratio, it appears that exhaust gas aftertreatment represents the most promising strategy. However, this does not mean that the worldwide diesel community will desist from progress in both, continuous development of todays combustion process and research into new combustion technologies. 

Natural selection seems to have led to an economy of the design of structures and functions so that they just meet maximum demands. Any greater capacity would be biologically uneconomical (Brown et al, 2000). If evolntion results in allometric relationships among BU, then it is only because the benefit-to-cost ratio of the fnnction in question has been optimized. 

But we can always speculate that if we had good screening tools, then a relicensing process would be appropriate. It appears that even in that case, there is no justification for retesting. Torpey (1986) used crash data from Victoria, Australia, and applied some cost estimates to calculate the benefit-to-cost ratios for vision testing and medical examinations. For her calculations she assumed that (1) impaired vision and medical conditions are responsible for... 

Such a waste-to-energy facihty has a return on equity of about three times, and the lower estimate of the business benefit-to-cost ratio is then of order 1.5, assuming a 10% IR. This estimate is made without counting any of the softer societal benefits, increased jobs, future investment, spinoffs, sustainability returns, carbon credits, and global market share, etc., that any such business case would have to be made. 

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