Novel Techniques

Loesch H J and Remscheid A 1990 Brute force in molecular reaction dynamics a novel technique for measuring steric effects J. Chem. Phys. 93 4779-90... 

Johanssen S A E and Campbeii J L 1988 FIXE A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis (Chichester Wiiey) Covers PiXE in detaii and is a good reference for graduate students and researchers. 

Many of the species involved in the endogenous metabolism can undergo a multitude of transformations, have many reaction channels open, and by the same token, can be produced in many reactions. In other words, biochemical pathways represent a multi-dimensional space that has to be explored with novel techniques to appreciate and elucidate the full scope of this dynamic reaction system. 

Cyclobutadiene escaped chemical charactenzation for more than 100 years Despite numerous attempts all synthetic efforts met with failure It became apparent not only that cyclobutadiene was not aromatic but that it was exceedingly unstable Beginning m the 1950s a variety of novel techniques succeeded m generating cyclobutadiene as a transient reactive intermediate... 

A novel technique for dating archaeological samples called ammo acid racemiza tion (AAR) IS based on the stereochemistry of ammo acids Over time the configuration at the a carbon atom of a protein s ammo acids is lost m a reaction that follows first order kinetics When the a carbon is the only chirality center this process corresponds to racemization For an ammo acid with two chirality centers changing the configuration of the a carbon from L to D gives a diastereomer In the case of isoleucme for example the diastereomer is an ammo acid not normally present m proteins called alloisoleucme... 

The analysis of penicillins by mass spectrometry (qv) has developed with the advent of novel techniques such as fast atom bombardment. The use of soft ionization techniques has enabled the analysis of thermally labile nonvolatile compounds. These techniques have proven extremely valuable in providing abundant molecular weight information from underivatized penicillins, both as free acids and as metal salts (15). 

Particulate Composites. In addition to the geometric obstacles to mixing dissimilar shape and size particles, there are also chemical barriers that must be overcome in processing composites, requiring novel techniques. 

These difficulties have prompted a search for novel techniques for crystallization of membrane proteins. Two approaches have given promising results one using antibodies to solubilize the proteins and the second using continuous lipidic phases as crystallization media. Complexes with specific antibodies have larger polar surfaces than the membrane protein itself and are therefore likely to form crystals more easily in an aqueous enviroment. A recent example of an antibody-membrane protein complex utilized an Fv... 

S. A. E. Johansson and J. L. Campbell. PDCE A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis. John Wiley, Chichester, 1988. A detailed introducdon to PIXE and the relevant literature. 

Freitas dos Santos, L.M., Livingston, A.G., Membrane attached biofilms novel technique for measurement of biofilm thickness, density and diffusivity, Proc. lAWQ Conf. Workshop on Biofilm Structure, Growth and Dynamics - Need for New Concept , Noordwijkerjout, The Netherlands, August 1995. 

A. K. Jain, R. K. Srivastava, M. K. Gupta, S. K. Das. A novel technique in membrane separation processes Electroosmotic separation of benzene in ethanol solution. J Memb Sci 75 53, 1993. 

The ANN as a predictive tool is most effective only within the trained range of input training variables. Those predictions that fall outside the trained range must be considered to be of questionable validity. Even so, whenever experimental data are available for validation, neural networks can be put to effective use. Since an extensive experimental body of data on polymers has been published in the literature, the application of neural networks as a predictive tool for physical, thermodynamic, and other fluid properties is, therefore, promising. It is a novel technique that will continue to be used, and it deserves additional investigation and development. 

Polymerization Filling — A Novel Technique for Manufacturing Conducting Composite Materials... 

Quite naturally, novel techniques for manufacturing composite materials are in principal rare. The polymerization filling worked out at the Chemical Physics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences is an example of such techniques [49-51], The essence of the technique lies in that monomer polymerization takes place directly on the filler surface, i.e. a composite material is formed in the polymer forming stage which excludes the necessity of mixing constituents of a composite material. Practically, any material may be used as a filler the use of conducting fillers makes it possible to obtain a composite material having electrical conductance. The material thus obtained in the form of a powder can be processed by traditional methods, with polymers of many types (polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, elastomers, etc.) used as a matrix. 

The low concentration of initiator residues in polymers formed by radical polymerization means that they can usually only be observed directly in exceptional circumstances or in very low molecular weight polymers (Section 3.5.3). Thus, the study of the reactions of initiator-derived radicals with monomers has seen the development of some novel techniques. Three basic approaches have been employed. These involve ... 

Ozin and Huber 112) synthesized and characterized very small silver particles, Ag n = 2-5) by conventional deposition methods, as well as by a novel technique that they have termed "cryophotoaggrega-tion. This study will be discussed in detail in Section III. Of interest here is a study of silver atoms and small, silver clusters entrapped in ice and high-molecular-weight paraffin (n-C22H46, n-C32Hg8) matrices 146) (see Figs. 7 and 8, and Tables IV and V). Besides the intriguing, multiple-site (solvation) occupancy of atomic silver in ice matrices, and their thermal and photochemical interconvertibility, their extremely... 

Mirzadeh H, Khorasani MT, and Sammez P. Laser surface modification of polymers A novel technique for the preparation of blood compatible materials-II In vitro assay. Iranian Polym, 1998, 7, 5. 

Recent demands for polymeric materials request them to be multifunctional and high performance. Therefore, the research and development of composite materials have become more important because single-polymeric materials can never satisfy such requests. Especially, nanocomposite materials where nanoscale fillers are incorporated with polymeric materials draw much more attention, which accelerates the development of evaluation techniques that have nanometer-scale resolution." To date, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been widely used for this purpose, while the technique never catches mechanical information of such materials in general. The realization of much-higher-performance materials requires the evaluation technique that enables us to investigate morphological and mechanical properties at the same time. AFM must be an appropriate candidate because it has almost comparable resolution with TEM. Furthermore, mechanical properties can be readily obtained by AFM due to the fact that the sharp probe tip attached to soft cantilever directly touches the surface of materials in question. Therefore, many of polymer researchers have started to use this novel technique." In this section, we introduce the results using the method described in Section 21.3.3 on CB-reinforced NR. 

Figures 3(b) and 3(c) were the EDS results of the etched nanodot arrays shown in Figs. 2(b) and 2(c). The EDS of Fig. 3(b) was almost identical to that of Fig. 3(a). It means that niobium oxide masks were still on Si film although the Si dots were formed. Fig. 3(c) was the EDS result of the nanodot arrays etched for longer etch time than Fig. 3(b). The Nb peak disappeared due to the increased etching and it was confirmed that the nanodots consisted of only Si. The diameters of Si nanodots were approximately 20 30 nm. It was demonstrated that the optimal etching condition could form close-packed and highly ordered Si nanodot arrays without niobium oxide mask. It is expected that this novel technique of forming...

Low energy pulsed (LEP) discharge is a simple hydrogen production process. This novel technique requires neither high temperature nor pressure die reaction takes place at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. We have successftilly reformed hydrocarbons using this LEP dischai e [1-6]. 

The flowshop problem has been widely studied in the fields of both operations research (Lagweg et al., 1978 Baker, 1975) and chemical engineering (Rajagopalan and Karimi, 1989 Wiede and Reklaitis, 1987). Since the purpose of this chapter is to illustrate a novel technique to synthesize new control knowledge for branch-and-bound algorithms, we... 

Lord and Pawliszyn" developed a related technique called in-tube SPME in which analytes partition into a polymer coated on the inside of a fused-silica capillary. In automated SPME/HPLC the sample is injected directly into the SPME tube and the analyte is selectively eluted with either the mobile phase or a desorption solution of choice. A mixture of six phenylurea pesticides and eight carbamate pesticides was analyzed using this technique. Lee etal. utilized a novel technique of diazomethane gas-phase methylation post-SPE for the determination of acidic herbicides in water, and Nilsson et al. used SPME post-derivatization to extract benzyl ester herbicides. The successful analysis of volatile analytes indicates a potential for the analysis of fumigant pesticides such as formaldehyde, methyl bromide and phosphine. 

An important consideration for making NMR and MRI suitable for applications in chemical engineering is to provide for flexibility in handling samples of various sizes, materials, shapes or temperatures, while ensuring sufficiently high NMR detection sensitivity. In this chapter, we present a novel technique known as NMR and MRI remote detection [11,12], which addresses these problems in a fundamental fashion, as well as a few examples where remote detection has been applied successfully. 

Recent developments in drug discovery and drug development spurred the need for novel analytical techniques and methods. In the last decade, the biopharmaceutical industry set the pace for this demand. The nature of the industry required that novel techniques should be simple, easily applicable, and of high resolution and sensitivity. It was also required that the techniques give information about the composition, structure, purity, and stability of drug candidates. Biopharmaceuticals represent a wide variety of chemically different compounds, including small organic molecules, nucleic acids and their derivatives, and peptides and proteins. 

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