Testing methods industrial requirements

ISO 4433-4 1997 Thermoplastics pipes - Resistance to liquid chemicals - Classification -Part 4 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) pipes ISO 9393-2 1997 Thermoplastics valves - Pressure test methods and requirements - Part 2 Test conditions and basic requirements for PE, PP, PVC-U and PVDF valves ISO 10931-1 1997 Plastics piping systems for industrial applications - Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) - Part 1 General... 

In recent years, concrete-polymer composites have widely been used in the construction industry in the world, and standardization work on the test methods, quality requirements and execution procedures for them has progressed in the advanced countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom. The international and national standards for the concrete-polymer composites, and the standards, recommendations, guides and standard specifications for them by various academic institutions have been published till now. An international academic organization, RILEM issued 31 test methods for the concrete-polymer composites as RILEM Recommendations in 1995. Table 1 lists the main standards, recommendations, guides and standard specification for the concrete-polymer composites. 

BSEN 1276 997, Chemical disirtfectants and antiseptics-Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disirfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic, and institutional areas - Test method and requirements (jphase 2, step I), London 2002. 

EN 1276 1997, Chemical Disinfectant and Antiseptics-Quantitative Suspension Test for Evaluation of Bactericidal Activity of Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics Used in Food, Industrial, Domestic, and Institutional Areas-Test Methods and Requirements, Comite European de Normalization, La Plaine Saint-Denis Cedex France, 1997. 

Several pultmsion companies use Barcol hardness testers to assess the degree of cure of the produced parts. This enables the tracing of products with insufficient degree of cure of the resin matrix, which leads to lower mechanical performance. The quality control of pultruded produced parts can also include other mechanical characterisation tests which can sometimes be carried out in the laboratory facilities of pultrusion companies. EN 13706-3 (CEN, 2002) defines two grades of FRP pultruded profiles, specifying minimum values for material properties and the relevant test methods. The requirements for certain applications (e.g. petroleum and natural gas industries) can be stricter and often include aspects related to fire reaction and fire resistance behaviour, e.g. NBR 15708-1 (ABNT, 2011). 

In the absence of a better testing method, industrial and military specifications often require the use of a 300-l--h salt spray exposure method to test anodized aluminum coupons and evaluate the quality of the anodizing processes. Not only is the salt spray (fog) exposure test time-consuming, but its results are highly interpretive and therefore relatively imprecise. The long duration of the test itself makes it... 

Scrap from municipal refuse may be in the form of source-separated steel cans, a mixed ferrous fraction, metal magnetically separated from mixed waste or incinerator ash, and C D debris. An ASTM specification (E1134-86) was developed in 1991 for source-separated steel cans. The Steel Recycling Institute has a descriptive steel can specification entitled "Steel Can Scrap Specifications". PubHshed standards for municipal ferrous scrap also include ASTM E701-80, which defines chemical and physical test methods, and ASTM E702-85 which covers the chemical and physical requirements of ferrous scrap for several scrap-consurning industries. 

To meet today s high requirements within the military, nuclear power industry, hospitals, etc., but especially in the electronics industry, new test methods for... 

The Knoop test is a microhardness test. In microhardness testing the indentation dimensions are comparable to microstructural ones. Thus, this testing method becomes useful for assessing the relative hardnesses of various phases or microconstituents in two phase or multiphase alloys. It can also be used to monitor hardness gradients that may exist in a solid, e.g., in a surface hardened part. The Knoop test employs a skewed diamond indentor shaped so that the long and short diagonals of the indentation are approximately in the ratio 7 1. The Knoop hardness number (KHN) is calculated as the force divided by the projected indentation area. The test uses low loads to provide small indentations required for microhardness studies. Since the indentations are very small their dimensions have to be measured under an optical microscope. This implies that the surface of the material is prepared approximately. For those reasons, microhardness assessments are not as often used industrially as are other hardness tests. However, the use of microhardness testing is undisputed in research and development situations. 

Whereas the components of (known) test mixtures can be attributed on the basis of APCI+/, spectra, it is quite doubtful that this is equally feasible for unknown (real-life) extracts. Data acquisition conditions of LC-APCI-MS need to be optimised for existing universal LC separation protocols. User-specific databases of reference spectra need to be generated, and knowledge about the fragmentation rules of APCI-MS needs to be developed for the identification of unknown additives in polymers. Method development requires validation by comparison with established analytical tools. Extension to a quantitative method appears feasible. Despite the current wide spread of LC-API-MS equipment, relatively few industrial users, such as ICI, Sumitomo, Ford, GE, Solvay and DSM, appear to be somehow committed to this technique for (routine) polymer/additive analysis. 

The data from the density (specific gravity) test method (ASTM D1298 IP 160) provides a means of identification of a grade of naphtha but is not a guarantee of composition and can only be used to indicate evaluate product composition or quality when used in conjunction with the data from other test methods. Density data are used primarily to convert naphtha volume to a weight basis, a requirement in many of the industries concerned. For the necessary temperature corrections and also for volume corrections, the appropriate sections of the petroleum measurement tables (ASTM D1250 IP 200) are used. 

ISO 15013 1998 Extruded sheets of polypropylene (PP) - Requirements and test methods ISO 15494 2003 Plastics piping systems for industrial applications - Polybutene (PB), polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) - Specifications for components and the system -Metric series... 

Use of the helium test method will result in considerable increases in efficiency (cycling times being only a matter of seconds in length) and lead to a considerable increase in testing reliability. As a result of this and due to the EN/ISO 9000 requirements, traditional industrial test methods (water bath, soap bubble test, etc.) will now largely be abandoned. 

The need for controlling the exhaust emissions from automotive vehicles has been recognized since 1975. The most effective and tested method proved to be the installation of diree-way catalysts at the exhaust emission system of cars. The development and the improvement M of such catalysts was and will be a complicated effort, since a cat-alyst placed in a vehicle should simultaneously accelerate oxida-tion and reduction reactions, under continuously changing conditions of temperature and space velocity, in contrast to industrial applications where catalysts operate under fixed and MjM controlled conditions. Generally, the catalytic converter of a vehicle has to satisfy the following requirements ... 

Because FDA laboratories typically use more sensitive test methods than industry, samples of oral liquids in which manufacturers report microbiological counts well within limits may be found unacceptable by the federal laboratories. This result requires upgrading the sensitivity of testing procedures. 

Information and data from toxicological tests are essential requirements of the food additive petition. The Redbook 2000 Toxicology Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients (16) provides guidance to industry concerning the appropriate tests for the determination of safety. The Redbook discusses concern levels as a method to determine recommended toxicology tests for food and color additives. A level of concern can be assigned based on the potential health risk of the food additive. 

A text devoted to the physical testing of rubbers based on experience at Rapra first appeared in 1965 with the publication of the work of the late Dr J R Scott, who was widely regarded as the father of rubber testing . The first edition of my own book came in 1979 and the second, third and now this fourth edition reflect the continuing technical developments over four decades. There have been many changes in the methods used but, more especially, there have been vast improvements to much of the instrumentation as more modern technologies are adopted by instrument manufacturers and the requirements of industry become more sophisticated. Since the last edition of the book, the majority of International (ISO) and ASTM test methods standards have been revised. 

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