Energy demand

In most of the rest of the world the olefins industry was originally based on naphtha feedstocks. Naphtha is the dominant olefins feedstock in Europe and Asia. In the middle 1980s several large olefins complexes were budt outside of the United States based on gas Hquids feedstocks, most notable in western Canada, Saudi Arabia, and Scotiand. In each case the driving force was the production of natural gas, perhaps associated with cmde oil production, which was in excess of energy demands. 

The percentage of energy demand that could be satisfied by particular nonfossil energy resources can be estimated by examination of the potential amounts of energy and biofuels that can be produced from renewable carbon resources and comparison of these amounts with fossil fuel demands. 

The long lead times necessary to design and constmct large biomass conversion plants makes it unlikely that sufficient capacity can be placed on-line before the year 2000 to satisfy EJ blocks of energy demand. However, plant capacities can be rapidly increased if a concerted effort is made by government and private sectors. 

Hydrocarbons from petroleum (qv) are still the principal energy source for the United States as shown in Table 1. About 60% of the world s energy is supphed by gas and oil and about 27% from coal (6—8). The annual energy demand for oil in different world areas is given in Table 2. 

At about the same time that the Birkeland-Eyde process was developed, the Frank-Caro cyanamide process was commercialized (14). In this process limestone is heated to produce lime, which then reacts with carbon in a highly energy-demanding reaction to give calcium carbide. Reaction with N2 gives calcium cyanamide [150-62-7] which hydrolyzes to ammonia and calcium carbonate (see Cyanamides). 

Optimism about economic growth in the period 1960—1975 led to a large number of reactor orders. Many of these were canceled even after partial completion in the period after the 1974 oil crisis, as the result of a reduction in energy demand. Inflation, high interest rates, long constmction periods, and regulatory delays resulted in severe cost overmns. Moreover, the reactor accidents of TMI and, later, Chernobyl produced an atmosphere of pubHc concern. 

The geologic aspects of waste disposal (24—26), proceedings of an annual conference on high level waste management (27), and one from an annual conference on all types of radioactive waste (28) are available. An alternative to burial is to store the spent fuel against a long-term future energy demand. Uranium and plutonium contained in the fuel would be readily extracted as needed. 

The choice of a specific CO2 removal system depends on the overall ammonia plant design and process integration. Important considerations include CO2 sHp required, CO2 partial pressure in the synthesis gas, presence or lack of sulfur, process energy demands, investment cost, availabiUty of solvent, and CO2 recovery requirements. Carbon dioxide is normally recovered for use in the manufacture of urea, in the carbonated beverage industry, or for enhanced oil recovery by miscible flooding. 

This chapter describes calculation models for building energy demand and air flow in and around industrial buildings. Special attention is paid to simulation of airborne contaminant control. 

If the room is heated the whole day and night, i.e., mt =. 31 days = 744 hours, the heating energy demand becomes... 

VDI Standard 2067. Part 11 Energy demand calculation procedure for heated and air-conditioned buildings. VDI, 1998. 

Thermal and catalytic incinerators, condensers, and adsorbers are the most common methods of abatement used, due to their ability to deal with a wide variety of emissions of organic compounds. The selection between destruction and recovery equipment is normally based on the feasibility of recovery, which relates directly to the cost and the concentration of organic compounds in the gas stream. The selection of a suitable technology depends on environmental and economical aspects, energy demand, and ease of installation as well as considerations of operating and maintenance. 7 he selection criteria may vary with companies or with individual process units however, the fundamental approach is the same. 

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