Ecological Optimization

The detergent industry requires process equipment having high operation flexibility, low energy demand, low operation cost, consistent production yield, and, of course, ecological optimization with respect to effluents and air pollution control. To comply with these requirements, the continuous S03/gas sulfonation and double-step neutralization are the basic principles applied in multitube falling film reactor and Neutrex neutralization (Fig. 5). 

Accordingly, the values of critical loads can be applied for estimation of permissible emission both for a single GPS and for the whole pipeline. Moreover, these values can be also used for the input data in ecological-optimization models for planning of other anthropogenic loading especially in the areas of the center of the European Russia. 

Angulo-Brown, F. (1991). An ecological optimization criterion for finite-time heat engines. /. Appl. Phys., Vol. 69, pp 7465-7469. 

Tyagi, S.K., Kaushik, S.K., Salohtra, R. (2002). Ecological optimization and performance study of irreversible Stirling and Ericsson heat pimps.. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., Vol. 35, pp 2668-2675. 

With the Life Cycle Assessment method developed from the late 1980s of the twentieth century, it has become possible to assess the overall envirOTunental impacts caused by products or product systems. With the help of LCA, parts, components, complete products as well as technologies and processes of any t)q)e, material, purpose and in any industry can be investigated and possibilities for an ecological optimization can be identified. 

The analysis of pesticide impact on people s health and effectiveness of agriculture and modeling of process in order to find out the ecologically optimal quantities of pesticides has been done. 

Ahbe, S., Braunschweig, A., MiiUer-Wenk, R., 1990. Methodology for Ecobalances Based on Ecological Optimization. BUWAL (SAEEL). Environment Series No. 133, Bern. 

A holistic lifecycle approach therefore aims to support or find solutions that are technically feasible, ecologically and socially defensible, and economically rational. A definition of the overall optimum must always take into account the interactions between ecology, economy, and technology. Ecological optimization must not, for instance, be purchased at the cost of failing to satisfy minimum technical specifications or designing a project that cannot be financed as a whole. 

One of the most pressing tasks for mankind during the scientific and technical revolution, in addition to efforts to preserve peace, is the protection of the environment and creation of conditions for modification of the environment in an ecologically optimal way for the further development of our life on this planet. 

Chen, J. (1994). The Maximum Power Output and Maximum Efficiency of an Irreversible Carnot Heat Engine, /, Phys. D Appl. Phys., Vol. 27, pp. 1144-1149 Chen, J. (1996). The Efficiency of an Irreversible Combined Cycle at Maximum Specific Power Output, /, Phys. D Appl. Phys. Vol. 29, pp. 2818-2822 Chen, L. . Zhang, W. Sun, F. (2007). Power, efficiency, entropy generation rate and ecological optimization for a class of generalized universal heat engine cycles. Applied Energy, Vol. 84, pp. 512-525... 

Chen, L. Zhu, X. Sun, F. Wu, C. (2006). Exergy-based ecological optimization of linear phenomenological heat transfer law irreversible Carnot engines. Applied Energy, Vol. 83, pp. 573-582... 

Zhu, X. Chen, L. Sim, F. Wu, C. (2003). The ecological optimization of generalized irreversible Carnot engine with generalized heat transfer law. Int J. Ambient Energy, Vol. 24, pp. 189-194... 

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