Hygiene

Industrial hygienists (IHs) analyze, identify, and measure workplace hazards or stressors that can cause sickness, impaired health, or significant discomfort in workers through chemical, physical, ergonomic, or biological exposures. IHs use environmental monitoring and analytical methods to detect the extent of worker exposure and employ engineering, work-practice controls, and other methods to control potential health hazards. 

Hathway, G. J., N. H. Proctor, and J. P. Hughes. Proctor Hughes chemical hazards of the workplace (fourth edition). New York John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1996. 

Kamiin, M. Toxicology. Boca Raton, FL CRC PRess/Lewis Publishers, 1988. 

Fundamentals of industrial hygiene (ffth edition). Itasca, IL National Safety Council, 2001. 

In these circumstances, effective cleaning, and if necessary sterilization is required if a product of the required purity is to be obtained. This problem is encountered more in low or medium pressure systems than in HPLC. In the latter, solvents, matrices, and sample feedstocks are less conducive to microbial growth. 

Sanitary design aims to meet the above requirements by ensuring that there are no unswept volumes within the flow path that would provide opportunities for microorganisms to be harboured. No standards per se exist for sanitary designs of chromatographs but well established principles are utilized from other process applications, for instance the dairy industry (ie, the American 3-A standards developed by the US Dairy Industry). 

In the design of sanitary systems attention has increasingly been focused, not only on the need for effectively flushed fittings and connections, but also on the surface of the pipework, valve or column itself, being non-conducive to bacterial or fungal attachment and growth. The smoother a surface the easier it is to clean and the less likely it is to harbour micro-organisms. 

Stainless steel is traditionally polished mechanically using an abrasive polishing pad or mop with an abrasive paste. A coarse abrasive is used first to take out major imperfections with successively finer grades being used to obtain a smoother surface. The surface finish is often specified in terms of the final abrasive grade used, for in- 

The surface of stainless steel, even if highly polished mechanically, is in fact not smooth but consists of a series of peaks and troughs. In fact the very act of polishing, being an abrasive process, actually increases the number of peaks and troughs and thus the actual surface area available for bacterial attachment. 

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ALUMDJUMCOMPOUNDS - ALUMINIUMOXIDE (ALUMDJA) - CALCINED, TABULAR, AND ALUMINATE CETffiNTS] (Vol 2) -industrial hygiene concern [INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE] (Vol 14)... 

Industrial asphalts Industrial catalysts Industrial coatings Industrial enzymology Industrial ethanol Industrial furnaces Industrial gas Industrial hygiene... 

R. Hartung, in G. D. Clayton and E. E. Clayton, eds., Patty s Industrial Hygiene andToxicology, Volume II, Part D, John Wiley Sons, New York, 1994,... 

Acrolein, acrylamide, hydroxyalkyl acrylates, and other functional derivatives can be more hazardous from a health standpoint than acryhc acid and its simple alkyl esters. Furthermore, some derivatives, such as the alkyl 2-chloroacrylates, are powerful vesicants and can cause serious eye injuries. Thus, although the hazards of acryhc acid and the normal alkyl acrylates are moderate and they can be handled safely with ordinary care to industrial hygiene, this should not be assumed to be the case for compounds with chemically different functional groups (see Industrial hygiene Plant safety Toxicology). 

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