Industrial hygiene measurements

Identify need for follow-up reviews or commitments to be obtained, for example, a PHA or added industrial hygiene measures... 

Pott s observations can be said to be the first to establish reliably a cause-effect relation between an environmental agent and cancer, and also to recognize the importance of good industrial hygiene measures to protect workers from hazardous agents. 

Comparison of the ratings of experienced raters with previously recorded industrial hygiene measurements for occupations in Australia Estimation of the levels of exposure misclassification by expert assessment in a study of lung cancer in central and eastern Europe and Liverpool Application of Bayesian framework for retrospective exposure assessment of workers in a nickel smelter Determination of the level of information required by industrial hygienists to develop reliable exposure estimates Explanation of new framework to obtain exposure estimates through the Bayesiem approach Validation of a new method for structured subjective assessment of past concentration... 

Romundstad, R, Haldorsen, T, and Ronneberg, A. (1999). Exposure to RAH and fluoride in aluminum reduction plants in Norway Historical estimation of exposure using process parameters and industrial hygiene measurements. Am J Ind Med 35, 164-174. 

The Subcommittee on Permissible Exposure Levels for Military Fuels found that data on potential nervous system effects of jet fuels are sparse. In several Swedish studies conducted by Knave and his colleagues, acute CNS symptoms were reported in workers who were employed in jet factories where they were potentially exposed to jet fuels designated Jet A-l andJP-1 (Knave et al. 1976, 1978, 1979). Industrial-hygiene measurements of up to 3,200 mg/m3 were reported for a variety of job activities. Although the one-time air measurements reflected various activities, the exposures were not well characterized over time or by individual. 

Benson, G. B., Boyce, G. B., Haile, D. M. Industrial Hygiene Measurements for Organic Pollutants (Acrylonitrile) Using Passive Dosimeters and Automated Thermal Desorption, Ann. Occup. Hyg. 24, 367 (1981)... 

Lindbohm et al., " for two of four air measurements, reported concentrations of white spirit exceeded the Finnish Threshold Limit Value (150 ppm) during flie cleaning of the printing machine. Industrial hygiene measurements were performed in three of the five work places of the shoe workers. The concentration of toluene in air varied from 1 ppm to 33 ppm. Other solvents detected were acetone and hexane. In two of the fluee shoe factories from which industrial hygiene measurements were available, relatively high levels of hexane (33-56 ppm) were noted. 

The well known hepatotoxicity of nitroaromatic compounds such as trinitrotoluene lends suspicion to the hepatotoxicity of the nitroparaffins." Nitromethane and nitroethane produce steatosis in animal models, but there is limited evidence of hepatotoxicity of these agents in humans." Evidence for the hepatoxicity of 2-nitropropane has been raised by case reports and case series of oeeupational fatalities in settings of severe exposure. In these cases the lack of appropriate industrial hygienic measures such as adequate ventilation, and personal protective equipment contributed to the severity of the exposures. " Autopsies of the fatal cases revealed hepatocellular necrosis and fatty infiltration of the liver. No significant evidence of hepatotoxicity has been demonstrated below the ACGIH TLV of 10 ppm. Medical surveillance of workers exposed to less than 25 ppm of 2-nitropropane have not shown alterations in liver chemistries. ... 

In the workplace, it is important to prevent and minimize exposure to known depigmentating agents through environmental engineering and industrial hygiene measures. These include good work practices, local exhaust ventilation, chemical substitution and, as a last resort, personal protective equipment. Prevention is especially important for those with chemical leukoderma. 

The International Program for Chemical Safety (IPCS) of the World Health Organization has made several recormnendations. Polybrominated diphenyls production (France) and use should be limited because of the concern over high persistency, bioaccumulation and potential adverse effects at low levels. There is limited toxicity data on deca- and octabromodiphenyls. Commercial use should cease unless safety is demonstrated. For the polybrominated diphenyl oxides, a Task Group felt that polybrominated dibenzofurans, and to a lesser extent the dioxins, may be formed. For decabromodiphenyl oxide, appropriate industrial hygiene measures need to be taken and environmental exposure minimized by emission control. Controlled incineration procedures should be instituted. For octabromodiphenyl oxide, the hexa- and lower isomers should be minimized. There is considerable concern over persistence in the environment and the accumulation in organisms, especially, for pentabromodiphenyl oxide. 

Chronic sihcosis is found in many occupations (see Table 2) however, the occurrence of sihcosis is less common in the modem workplace because of improved industrial hygiene measures. However, silicosis still accounts for more than 300 deaths per year in the United States. Although many of these deaths occur in men first exposed to crystalline silica as young adults before 1950, a significant number result from more recent exposure. The Division of Respiratory... 

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