Industrial Hygiene, Applications

A coated surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) sensor capable of real-time, selective measurement of vinyl acetate vapor in the presence of several olefin and non-olefin cocontaminants is described. The coating film en loyed consists of the solid platinum-ethylene Ji-complex, trans-PtCl (ethylene)(pyridine). occluded in a polyisobutylene matrix. Exposure to vinyl acetate results in displacement of ethylene from the cott lex and formation of the vinyl acetate-substituted complex. Subsequent regeneration of the original reagent is possible by treatment with ethylene gas, in situ. A lower detection limit of 5 ppm of vinyl acetate is achieved for operation at 46 C. The industrial-hygiene applications of the sensor are discussed. 

A device that detects the presence of various gases within an area, usually as part of a system to warn about gases that might be harmful to humans or animals. Various types of gas detectors are used to detect primarily combustible, toxic, and oxygen levels (i.e., deficiency), and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases. They are typically used in confined spaces, utilities and chemical plants, industrial hygiene applications, and air quality testing. They can be fixed devices or portable devices worn by an individual. See also Combustible Gas Detector. 

Another sampler for industrial hygiene applications removes particles larger than 10 pm and collects... 

In previous chapters we mainly discussed solid electrolyte gas sensors designed for application at increased temperature. In the present chapter our attention will be focused on the ambient-temperature liquid and polymer electrolyte gas sensors which are used mostly for medical and industrial hygiene applications. As shown in Chap. 1 (Vol. 1), electrochemical gas sensors usually include filter, man-brane (or capillary), electrolyte solution - in which the two or three electrodes (working or sensing electrode, WE, reference electrode, RE, and counter electrode, CE) are immersed, and manbrane. The electrochemical gas sensor produces a current or voltage when exposed to a gas/vapor containing an electroactive analyte because the analyte diffuses into the electrochemical cell, to the working electrode surface, and thereon participates in an electrochanical reaction that either prodnces or consumes electrons (i.e., a redox reaction) (Stetter et al. 2011). 

LVHV nozzles can create problems that may be sufficiently severe as to prevent their use, usually in the form of ergonomic encumbrances and excessive noise. These problems can be dealt with, to limited extents, and LVHV applications can be effective. It must also be understood that dust control by 1..VHV systems is ultimately limited. No ventilation control measure can ensure sufficient worker protection down to extraordinatily low acceptable dust levels. Worker protection must always be confirmed by industrial hygiene monitoring and evaluation, and administrative control measures such as respiratory protection may be necessary. 

All these entry routes are controlled by the application of proper industrial hygiene techniques, summarized in Table 2-1. These control techniques are discussed in more detail in chapter 3 on industrial hygiene. Of the four routes of entry, the inhalation and dermal routes are the most significant to industrial facilities. Inhalation is the easiest to quantify by the direct measurement of airborne concentrations the usual exposure is by vapor, but small solid and liquid particles can also contribute. 

Currie KL, McDonald EC, Chung LTK, et al. 1990. Concentrations of diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and beniocarb after application in offices. American Industrial Hygiene Association 5 l(l) 23-27. 

An alternative to the trap and special oven method is the use of small-diameter extraction tubes that can be introduced directly into a modified GC injector. Recovery is considered to be satisfactory when it attains 60%, although it is often quantitative with this device. This principle is also applied to badges used in industrial hygiene for monitoring pollution in the workplace or the environment (Fig. 20.3). In the latter application, air flows through the badge in a natural fashion to trap the analyte. 

Biological Systems. Whereas Raman spectroscopy is an important tool of physical biochemistry, much of this elegant work is of scant interest to the industrial chemist. However, Raman spectroscopy has been used to locate cancerous cells in breast tissue (53) and find cataractous tissue in eye lenses (54), suggesting a role in industrial hygiene (qv). Similarly, the Raman spectra of bacteria are surprisingly characteristic (55) and practical applications are beginning to emerge. 

A plan aimed at commercial application of metals passivation technology was implemented. Toxicology, industrial hygiene, and environmental questions relative to the use of antimony or passivation of metals on catalyst in FCC units were addressed. Procedures for injection of antimony compounds into FCC units were... 

Sutton, J.R. Formulation of Industrial Hygiene Products Art or Science in Industrial Applications of Surfactants, Karsa, D.R. (Ed.), Royal Soc. Chem. London, 1987, pp. 208-234. 

Recognizing the applicability of XRD to occupational health chemistry, Lennox and Leroux (1) suggested a number of chemical species which would be suitable for XRD analysis arsenic trioxide, beryllium oxide, mica, vanadium oxides, calcium fluoride in ceramic materials, as well as a number of organics such as DDT, lindane and chlordane. Unfortunately, the general application of XRD to the quantitation of industrial hygiene samples has not been realized and the majority of these analyses are restricted to free silica and to a lesser extent asbestos and talc. 

Frequently industrial hygiene analyses require the identification of unknown sample components. One of the most widely employed methods for this purpose is coupled gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). With respect to interface with mass spectrometry, HPLC presently suffers a disadvantage in comparison to GC because instrumentation for routine application of HPLC/MS techniques is not available in many analytical chemistry laboratories (3). It is, however, anticipated that HPLC/MS systems will be more readily available in the future ( 5, 6, 1, 8). HPLC will then become an even more powerful analytical tool for use in occupational health chemistry. It is also important to note that conventional HPLC is presently adaptable to effective compound identification procedures other than direct mass spectrometry interface. These include relatively simple procedures for the recovery of sample components from column eluate as well as stop-flow techniques. Following recovery, a separated sample component may be subjected to, for example, direct probe mass spectrometry infra-red (IR), ultraviolet (UV), and visible spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. The stopped flow technique may be used to obtain a fluorescence or a UV absorbance spectrum of a particular component as it elutes from the column. Such spectra can frequently be used to determine specific properties of the component for assistance in compound identification (9). 

Lessons may also be learned from applications of control systems in the food processing industries. These applications must satisfy hygiene requirements (including periodic cleaning and sterilization), time constraints imposed by product perishability, and requirements for accurate records of sources and operation histories of materials.21 The industry also experiences slim profit margins, short production runs, and frequent product changeovers—characteristics shared with many industrial bioprocesses. 

Burkatskaya EN. 1965b. [The toxicity of dinitro-orthocresols for warm-blooded animals and problems of industrial hygiene in its applications.] Gig Tr Prof Zabol 9(4) 56-57. (Russian)... 

Silicone-coated papers and films find their application in many areas where release of an adhesive is needed. By far the biggest application can be found in the label industry. Other applications can be found in graphic art and in hygiene applications, e.g. in diaper tapes. Another big area where these products can be found is that of bakery and food, in which silicone-coated paper can give release against bakery products or act as grease-proof wrapping paper. 

Ultrasonic extraction is an effective method for the extraction of a number of heavy metals from environmental and industrial hygiene samples. In many cases, it provides a means for quantitative recovery of metals and replacing drastic preparation procedures requiring the use of concentrated acids and the application of high heat and/or pressures (i.e. hot plate and/or microwave extraction). 

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