OTHER PROCESS APPLICATIONS

Although intended primarily for air-conditioning applications, these units have been successfully applied to the collection of relatively nonconducting mists such as oil. However, other process applications... 

Aromatic polyamide (aramid) membranes are a copolymer of 1-3 diaminobenzene with 1-3 and 1-4 benzenedicarboxylic acid chlorides. They are usually made into fine hollow fibers, 93 [Lm outer diameter by 43 [Lm inner diameter. Some flat sheet is made for spirals. These membranes are widely used for seawater desalination and to some extent for other process applications. The hollow fibers are capable of veiy high-pressure operation and have considerably greater hydrolytic resistance than does CA. Their packing density in hoUow-fiber form makes them veiy susceptible to colloidal fouling (a permeator 8 inches in diameter contains 3 M fibers), and they have essentially no resistance to chlorine. 

Recycle condensates, rainwater, and excess process water for washing, for dust control, for gas scrubbing, and for other process applications where water quality is not of particular concern. 

A number of other process applications of this class of extractants are worth mentioning at this point. 0,0 - dibutoxydiethylether ("Butex") has been used as one of the extractants, along with TBP in a two-solvent process for purification of Pu and recovery... 

The flow of fluids outside immersed bodies appears in many chemical engineering applications and other processing applications. These occur, for example, in flow past spheres in settling, flow through packed beds in drying and filtration, flow past tubes in heat exchangers, and so on. It is useful to be able to predict the frictional losses and/or the force on the submerged objects in these various applications. 

This class of non-ionic snrfactant is widely nsed in cleaning products and in agricnltnral, cosmetic, textile, paper and other process applications. Conseqnently, there are numerous studies on their environmental properties. The U.S. Soap and Detergent Association has published a book on the environmental and human safety of alcohol ethoxylates [J3], and there are other reviews and data compilations on AE toxicity and biodegradation [9,14-16],... 

Extrusion and impregnation, electrospinning, and multilayer films are other processes applicable for reinforced nanocomposites. Thus, preparation of cellulose whiskers reinforced with polylactic acid nanocomposites (by melt extrusion carried out by pumping the suspension of nanocrystals into the polymer melt during the extrusion process), using polyvinyl alcohol as a compatibilizer for the dispersion of cellulose whiskers within the polylactic acid matrix, was reported (de Menezes et al. 2009) bacterial cellulose whiskers incorporated into poly(oxyethylene) nanofibers by electrospinn to enhance the mechanical properties of electrospun fibers (Peresin et al. 2010) or the use of the layer-by-layer assembly technique, which maximizes the interaction between cellulose whiskers and a polar polymeric matrix (Bruno et al. 2009 Aulin et al. 2010), are some examples of nanocomposites reinforced by the last three methods. 

In this subsection, on-line studies of fibers and films will be discussed concentrating on applications to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polypropyene (PP) by the work of Chase [17], Van Wijk et al. [72], and Cakmak and Pelletier (unpublished work). As in other process applications, the motivation for this work is to move to on-line analysis so that real-time monitoring of a process in order to maximize certain properties is possible. In the fiber industry, some of the important fiber properties are breaking tenacity, elongation at break, level of shrinkage, or suitability for dye uptake. 

Sanitary design aims to meet the above requirements by ensuring that there are no unswept volumes within the flow path that would provide opportunities for microorganisms to be harboured. No standards per se exist for sanitary designs of chromatographs but well established principles are utilized from other process applications, for instance the dairy industry (ie, the American 3-A standards developed by the US Dairy Industry). 

---