Hygiene process operators

Another noted advantage of indirect dryers is the higher product quality attainable. This is because the flows into and out of the dryer are relatively small when operating in a batch mode an indirect dryer is practically a closed system. As a result, this type of dryer is suitable for situations where hygienic processing conditions are required. 

It is important to note that in their extensive and successful study, Wierup et al. (1988) analyzed the livers and caeca of chickens for Salmonella spp. Studies in which adult broilers are processed under commercial conditions are required, to determine if Salmonella occurrence on carcasses is reduced. The need to maintain strict hygiene under processing operations will continue to be necessary to ensure minimal contamination. 

For our example, the team may need to include instrumentation specialists, industrial hygiene specialists, construction personnel, process operations, and engineering specialists for the process to which the chemical addition system is being added. 

Unlike many submerged fermentations, solid-sate processes commonly use mixed cultures. Hygienic processing practices are followed in large industrial operations, but... 

Introduction Review and audit processes are used in the chemical process industry to evaluate, examine, and verify the design of process equipment, operating procedures, and management systems. These processes assure compliance with company standards and guidelines as well as government regulations. Reviews and audits can encompass the areas of process and personnel safety, environmental and industrial hygiene protection, quality assurance, maintenance procedures, and so on. 

Natural ventilation is the controlled flow of air through doors, windows, vents, and other purposely provided openings caused by stack effect and wind pressure. Natural ventilation is used in spaces with a significant heat release, when process and hygienic requirements for indoor air quality allow outdoor air supply without filtration and treatment. Natural ventilation cannot be used when incoming outdoor air causes mist or condensation. Natural ventilation allows significant air change rates (20 to 50 ach) for heat removal with ntinimal operation costs. 

Quality systems require that facilities and equipment should be appropriate to the activities undertaken. Surfaces that are easy to clean and maintain in hygienic condition are a requirement in many situations. For example, cloth-backed chairs would not be acceptable in a laboratory that handled potentially biohazardous materials. Equipment should be checked at installation to demonstrate that it can perform its desired function. This is frequently done using an Installation Qualification, Operational Qualification and Performance Qualification (IQ /OQ/PQ) commissioning process. Routine maintenance and calibration programmes are then required to ensure that equipment continues to deliver the specified performance. 

Lactose ciystalhzes easily, so that concentration prior to transportation of whey for treatment can be difficult. Whey is very prone to microbial contamination so that maintenance of hygienic operation conditions is a major processing problem, especially as the lactases are not thermostable and so contamination cannot be prevented by operating at elevated temperatures. 

Cralley L.V. and L.J. Cralley, Editors. Industrial Hygiene Aspects of Plant Operations, Volume 1, Process Flows. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1982. 

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