Blowing

Bessemer process A process for converting pig iron to steel by oxidation of the impurities (C, Si, P, Mn) by blowing air through the molten metal. 

The results are illustrated by figure 5 B-Scan, C-Scan and D-Scan representations show that there are two types of defects. On the left part of the weld, we remark a lack of fusion, while on the right part, we observe a nest of blow hole. 

In the context of the structural perturbations at fluid-solid interfaces, it is interesting to investigate the viscosity of thin liquid films. Eaily work on thin-film viscosity by Deijaguin and co-workers used a blow off technique to cause a liquid film to thin. This work showed elevated viscosities for some materials [98] and thin film viscosities lower than the bulk for others [99, 100]. Some controversial issues were raised particularly regarding surface roughness and contact angles in the experiments [101-103]. Entirely different types of data on clays caused Low [104] to conclude that the viscosity of interlayer water in clays is greater than that of bulk water. 

The traditional, essentially phenomenological modeling of boundary lubrication should retain its value. It seems clear, however, that newer results such as those discussed here will lead to spectacular modification of explanations at the molecular level. Note, incidentally, that the tenor of recent results was anticipated in much earlier work using the blow-off method for estimating the viscosity of thin films [68]. 

It turns out that one cannot propagate Y using standard numerical methods because Y blows up whenever g is zero. To circumvent this one must propagate Y by invariant imbedding . The basic idea here is to construct a propagator Y which satisfies... 

Flolmes K C and Blow D M 1965 The use of x-ray diffraotion in the study of protein and nuoleio aoid struoture Meth. Biochem. Anal. 13 113-239... 

The sea water is first treated with chlorine in acid solution (sulphuric acid is added) and very dilute bromine is obtained by blowing air through the solution. This is mixed with sulphur dioxide and the gases passed up a tower down which water trickles ... 

Most iodine produced commercially comes from the sodium iodate(V) remaining after sodium nitrate has been crystallised from Chile saltpetre. The iodatefV) is first reduced to iodide by blowing sulphur dioxide into the solution (or by addition of sodium sulphite) ... 

Dijference between exact and numerical trajectory for the approach of two argon atoms for a time stef) of he simulation blows up. ... 

Birktoft J J and D M Blow 1972. The structure of Crystalline Alpha-Chymotrypsin V. The Atomic Structure of Tosyl-Alpha-Qiymotrypsin at 2 Angstroms Resolution. Journal of Molecular Biology 68 187-240. 

A laboratory demonstration of this operation is far better than any written description. The tubes may be bought from many dealers e.g., A. Gallenkamp r Co. Ltd., Technico House, Christopher Street, London, EC2P 2ER, and Victoria House, Widnes, Lancs also The Scientific Glass- Blowing Co., 41 Upper Brook Street, Manchester 13), but students should learn to make their own c.apillary tubes. 

The extractor consists of a glass cylinder A, terminating at the base in the open tube B. Fused within the top of A as shown is another tube C, having a small hole D blow n in the side a fine glass tube leads from the base of C, rises about two-thirds of the height of the cylinder to E, and then returns past F into the open tube B. 

The mixture of ethanol and concentrated sulphuric acid required in this and several subsequent preparations should always be prepared by adding the heavy acid to the ethanol. If the ethanol is added to the acid, it will tend to float on the surface of the acid, and the heat generated at the interface may blow the upper liquid out of the flask... 

In order to save the cost of the distilling-flask (which after the above treatment is useless for further work), the mixture may be distilled from a small retort made by blowing a suitable bulb on the end of a rather thick-walled tube of about 8-10 mm. internal diameter the tube is then bent through almost 90° a few cm. above the bulb, cut to a suitable length, and the Open end fitted into the boiling ube as before. 

Andre, J. M. ct al., 1998. Numerical modelling of the polymer film blowing process. Int. J. Forming Processes 1, 187-210. 

Ether. The most satisfactory method for the removal of (diethyl) ether is either on a steam bath fed from an external steam supply or by means of an electrically-heated, constant-level water bath (Fig. 77, 5, 1). If neither of these is available, a water bath containing hot water may be used. The hot water should be brought from another part of the laboratory under no circumstances should there be a free flame under the water bath. It caimot be too strongly emphasised that no flame whatsoever may be present in the vicinity of the distillation apparatus a flame 10 feet away may ignite diethyl ether if a continuous bench top lies between the flame and the still and a gentle draught happens to be blowing in the direction of the flame. 

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