Recent Results

Tip-sample distance dependence of the TER intensity Another prehminary result of our group is the distance dependence of TERS scattering. There is, in fact, a very fast decay of the TERS intensity if the tip is moved away from the surface for a 20-nm tip radius, we observed a decrease in the TERS intensity to approximately zero within a 10-nm tip retraction. This holds not only for the individual Raman bands, but also for the inelastic background. The fast intensity decay indicates the short range of the near-field processes that govern TERS and points to a high spatial resolution of TERS. Most likely, its spatial resolution can be improved to better than 10 nm, provided that ideal tips (optimized with respect to tip curvature, surface smoothness and cone angle) become available [156]. 

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The traditional, essentially phenomenological modeling of boundary lubrication should retain its value. It seems clear, however, that newer results such as those discussed here will lead to spectacular modification of explanations at the molecular level. Note, incidentally, that the tenor of recent results was anticipated in much earlier work using the blow-off method for estimating the viscosity of thin films [68]. 

The last part of this account will be devoted to protein kinases and protein phosphatases and some recent results we have obtained for them. Protein kinases and phosphatases are signaling biomolecules that control the level of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of tyrosine, serine or threonine residues in other proteins, and by this means regulate a variety of fundamental cellular processes including cell growth and proliferation, cell cycle and cytoskeletal integrity. 

Thermal transpiration and thermal diffusion will not be considered here, but it would be incorrect to assume that their influence is negligible, or even small in all circumstances. Recent results of Wong et al. [843 indi cate that they may Influence computed values of the effectiveness factor iby as much as 30. An account of thermal transpiration and thermal diffu-Ision is given in Appendix I. 

A familiar feature of the electronic theory is the classification of substituents, in terms of the inductive and conjugative or resonance effects, which it provides. Examples from substituents discussed in this book are given in table 7.2. The effects upon orientation and reactivity indicated are only the dominant ones, and one of our tasks is to examine in closer detail how descriptions of substituent effects of this kind meet the facts of nitration. In general, such descriptions find wide acceptance, the more so since they are now known to correspond to parallel descriptions in terms of molecular orbital theory ( 7.2.2, 7.2.3). Only in respect of the interpretation to be placed upon the inductive effect is there still serious disagreement. It will be seen that recent results of nitration studies have produced evidence on this point ( 9.1.1). 

Recent results for the quantitative nitration of 2-alkylthiazoles (386) suggest that a reinvestigation of the nitration of amino derivatives would be worthwhile. 

McClellan s and Hamsberger s survey, which embraced a considerable variety of solids including carbons, metal oxides and organic polymers such as polythene, arrived at a mean value of 20-2 A, with a standard deviation of 1-6 A. Other more recent results, likewise based on = 16-2 A, ... 

More recent results, however, throw some doubt on this interpretation. The isotherms in Fig. 5.22 were determined after successive oatgassings at (1) 25°C, (2) lOO C, (3) 150 C, (4) SOO C, and (5) 25 C, respectively. It will be noted (a) that only isotherms (4) and (5) exhibit a Point X and that they are nearly parallel at pjp° > 0-1 (b) that isotherms (2) and (3) are similarly parallel in the same range and (c) that isotherms (1) and (5), though both obtained after outgassing at 25 C, are quite different in shape. 

U. Mahagaokar and A. B. Krewiughaus, "Shell Coal Gasificatiou Plant No. 1— Recent Results on Domestic Coals," Power-Gen 90 Conference, Orlando, Fla., Dec. 4—6, 1990. 

J. N. Phillips and co-workers, "SCGP Recent Results on Low Ash Feedstocks Including Petroleum Coke," Eighth NnnualPittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 1991. 

The more recent results of Scheme 18 can be summarized as follows the less hindered isomer is formed unless the substituent has a lone pair, the electrostatic field of which enhances the nucleophilicity of the adjacent nitrogen atom. This is true not only for pyridine and pyrazole, but probably also for CHO and C02Et. 

For additional information, see Simpson (Chem. Eng., 75(6), 192-214 [1968]). A critical Fronde number of 0.31 to ensure vented flow is widely cited. Recent results (Thorpe, 3d Jnt. Conf. Multi-phase Flow, The Hague, Netherlands, 18-20 May 1987, paper K2, and 4th Int. Conf. Multi-phase Flow, Nice, France, 19-21 June 1989, paper K4) show hysteresis, with different critical Fronde numbers for flooding and untlooding of drain pipes, and the influence of end effects. Wallis, Crowley, and Hagi (Trans. ASME J. Fluids Eng., 405 13 [June 1977]) examine the conditions for horizontal discharge pipes to run full. 

Schuler, K.W., Nunziato, J.W., and Walsh, E.K., Recent Results in Nonlinear Viscoelastic Wave Propagation, Internat. J. Solids and Structures 9, 1237-1281... 

Herrman, W., Some Recent Results in Elastic-Plastic Wave Propagation, in Propagation of Shock Waves in Solids (edited by Varley, E.), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1976, pp. 1-26. 

The methyl ether of A-aeetyliodocolehinol (III C. OH C. OMe) is oxidised by hot permanganate solution to 4-iodo-5-methoxyphthalie acid (IV). The latter is unchanged when the substituents are interchanged in position (as required by the more recent results of Barton, Cook and Loudon described below), so these observations imply the pi ence of a benzene ring in W-acetyliodoeolehinol, with iodine as a... 

This chapter describes some of the recent results on the low-temperature synthesis of crystalline graphite and CNTs, referring to various characteristics relating to the 7i-electron materials, which have been found in the Yoshimura 7i-Electron Materials Project [11] of the ERATO program in Japanese... 

Some recent results of Illuminati et demonstrate a 10-fold... 

Avanety ofcarbaruons have been employed for the conjugate addmon to tutroalkenes recent results are shown in Table 4,1,... 

The radiation chemistry has been mainly discussed in terms of degradation reactions (as above) involving the loss of gaseous products and the irreversible change of the stoichiometry [203]. However, more recent results showed that polymers irradiated with radiation deposit-... 

Here, we will shortly summarize these results again. After this, we will focus on our recent results for the electrical conductivity. This quantity we calculated using the Kubo-Greenwood formula [8]. 

For [001] and [IlO] orientations where no stress is resolved onto <110] ordinary slip, <101] superlattice slip is observed up to the peak temperature. <101] dislocatiom predominantly lie along their screw orientation up to the peak temperature. This is consistent with the recent results of TEM observations on [001] si"gle crystals by Stucke et al. [9]. At temperatures below the peak, CRSS is much higher for the [001] orientation than for the [IlO] orientation. However, both the peak temperature and peak stress are lower for the former orientation than the latter. TTie lower peak temperature for the [001] orientation is associated with the occurrence of twiiming of the lll <112]-type above the peak temperature. Such twinning can not occur for the [IlO] orientation in compression. Deformation of [Il0]-oriented crystals above the peak is carried by slip on 111 <112]. 

More recently, results of exposure tests for 10 years in a severe industrial environment at Stratford, London, have been reported by the Fulmer Research Institute". A range of pure and alloy specimens, anodised to a maximum film thickness of about 25 m, was exposed at an angle of 45°. 

Iaing79] Laing, R. Machines as Organisms An Exploration of the Relevance of Recent Results, Biosystems 11 (1979). 

ReaR72 Read, R. C. Some recent results in chemical enumeration. 

Further, for studying the role of pH and salt concentrations on bulk-electrostatic and non-bulk electrostatic contributions the same approach was made to experiments on the influence of the alcohols mentioned above on the oxygen affinity at various KC1 concentrations and pH-values 144,146). The results obtained indicate that at a low alcohol concentration the bulk-electrostatic contributions are dominant and that with increasing size of the alkyl group, alcohol and KC1 concentration, the nonbulk electrostatic, hydrophobic contributions increase. Recent results of kinetic measurements of 02 release show that cosolvents such as alcohols and formamide influence mainly the allosteric parameter L, i.e. -the equilibrium between T and R conformation and that the separation of the alcohol effects into bulk-electrostatic and hydrophobic (non-bulk electrostatic) contributions is justified. 

In discussing more recent results it must be mentioned, that there are three kinds of water molecules around the DNA ... 

Recent results show that radicals have an, ... 

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