Battery secondary

These ZEV vehicles are envisioned to be electric battery vehicles (see Batteries, secondary cells-other). The California fleet average standards are to be met by spiling combinations of various classes of vehicles. Manufacturers must certify their new cars in one of the categories shown. The sales weighted average for a given year must then be at or below the standard shown in Table 8. 

Secondary Lead. The emphasis in technological development for the lead industry in the 1990s is on secondary or recycled lead. Recovery from scrap is an important source for the lead demands of the United States and the test of the world. In the United States, over 70% of the lead requirements are satisfied by recycled lead products. The ratio of secondary to primary lead increases with increasing lead consumption for batteries. WeU-organized collecting channels are requited for a stable future for lead (see BATTERIES, SECONDARY CELLS Recycling NONFERROUS METALS). 

The reaction is especially useful because of the high emf (ca 2.2 V) of the Pb/Pb02 couple in dilute sulfuric acid (see Batteries, secondary). 

Uses. Nickel nitrate is an intermediate in the manufacture of nickel catalysts, especially those that are sensitive to sulfur and therefore preclude the use of the less expensive nickel sulfate. Nickel nitrate also is an intermediate in loading active mass in nickel—alkaline batteries of the sintered plate type (see Batteries, SECONDARY cells). Typically, hot nickel nitrate symp is impregnated in the porous sintered nickel positive plates. Subsequendy, the plates are soaked in potassium hydroxide solution, whereupon nickel hydroxide [12054-48-7] precipitates within the pores of the plate. 

When nickel hydroxide is oxidized at the nickel electrode in alkaline storage batteries the black trivalent gelatinous nickel hydroxide oxide [12026-04-9], Ni(0H)0, is formed. In nickel battery technology, nickel hydroxide oxide is known as the nickel active mass (see Batteries, secondary cells). Nickel hydroxide nitrate [56171-41-6], Ni(0H)N02, and nickel chloride hydroxide [25965-88-2], NiCl(OH), are frequently mentioned as intermediates for the production of nickel powder in aqueous solution. The binding energies for these compounds have been studied (55). 

Cadmium hydroxide is the anode material of Ag—Cd and Ni—Cd rechargeable storage batteries (see Batteries, secondary cells). Cadmium sulfide, selenide, and especially teUuride find utiUty in solar cells (see Solarenergy). Cadmium sulfide, Hthopone, and sulfoselenide are used as colorants (orange, yellow, red) for plastics, glass, glazes, mbber, and fireworks (see Colorants for ceramics Colorants forplastics Pigments). 

TM oxide insertion 293-321 lithium carbon batteries, secondary 45 lithium carbon materials 361... 

Most lead used by industry comes from mined ores ("primary") or from recycled scrap metal or batteries ("secondary"). Human activities (such as the former use of "leaded" gasoline) have spread lead and substances that contain lead to all parts of the environment. For example, lead is in air, drinking water, rivers, lakes, oceans, dust, and soil. Lead is also in plants and animals that people may eat. See Chapter 3 for more information on the physical and chemical properties of lead. Chapter 4 contains more information on the production and use of lead. 

Bath towels (terry), number produced from one bale of cotton, 8 133t Bathtub failure rate, 26 988 Batik printing, 9 219 Batteries, 3 407-434. See also Alkaline cells Carbon-zinc cells Lead-acid batteries Lithium cells Primary batteries Secondary batteries chromium application, 6 565 cobalt applications, 7 247... 

Barium sulfide - [MEDICALIMAGINGTECHNOLOGY] (Voll6) - [BARIUMCOMPOUNDS] (Vol 3) - [BROMINE] (Vol 4) -m battenes [BATTERIES - SECONDARY CELLS - LEAD-ACID] (V ol 3) -as dental matenal filler [DENTAL MATERIALS] (Vol 7) -by-product of zmc sulfide [PIGMENTS - INORGANIC] (Vol 19) -as radiopaque [RADIOPAQUES] (Vol 20)... 

BATTERIES-SECONDARY CEILS-OTHER] (Vol 3) Iron-chromium-mckel alloys... 

---