Metal anodes, lithium secondary batteries

The future of bthium development is closely bnked with the development of bghtweight lithium aluminum alloys, the use of bthium metal anodes in secondary batteries for both automotive and stationary appbcations, and finaUy nuclear fusion technology. 

Lithium Secondary Battery with Metal Anodes... 

Alkali metals have high oxidation-reduction potentials and low atomic masses. Thus they are attractive candidates for anodes in secondary batteries. In this context, it was shown in a couple of investigations that lithium and sodium can be electrodeposited from tetrachloroaluminate-based ionic liquids. 

For battery applications the secondary structure of the carbons is relevant also. The preparations mostly used have a particle sizes of about 10 pm. Electrodes made from these particles together with carbon black and binders are highly porous with an extremely big microscopic inner surface. Hence, even at low microscopic current densities the lithium anodes of the intercalation type can be loaded nearly as high as the very reactive but relatively small macroscopic surfaces of the compact pure metallic anodes of primary batteries. 

Secondary lithium-metal batteries which have a lithium-metal anode are attractive because their energy density is theoretically higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-molybdenum disulfide batteries were the world s first secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries. However, the batteries were recalled in 1989 because of an overheating defect. Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries are the only secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries which are manufactured at present. Lithium-vanadium oxide batteries are being researched and developed. Furthermore, electrolytes, electrolyte additives and lithium surface treatments are being studied to improve safety and recharge-ability. 

Lithium is of particular interest for use as an anode material for secondary batteries because it has the highest electricity storage density of the active metals. 

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