Nickel-zinc secondary batteries

M. J. Sulkes, "Nickel—Zinc Secondary Batteries," Proceedings of the 23rdA.nnual Power Sources Conference 1969. 

Primary batteries, carbon-zinc Leclanchd, magnesium types, lithium types, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, sealed lead-acid. 

Yuasa Battery Co. Ltd, 6-6 Josai-cho, Takatsukishi, Osaka-fii 569 also International Division, 12-112 Chome, Higashi-Shinbashi Minako-ku, Tokyo 105 Primary batteries, carbon-zinc Leclanchd, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, sealed lead-acid. Sodium-sulphur, lithium-manganese dioxide. 

Zinc/carbon and alkaline/manganese cells are primary battery systems lead, nickel/cadmium, and nickel/metal hydride accumulators are secondary batteries with aqueous electrolyte solutions. Their per-... 

There are two major types of household batteries (a) Primary batteries are those that cannot be reused. They include alkaline/manganese, carbon-zinc, mercuric oxide, zinc-air, silver oxide, and other types of button batteries, (b) Secondary batteries are those that can be reused secondary batteries (rechargeable) include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and potentially nickel-hydrogen. 

The nickel—zinc (NiZn) system is attractive as a secondary cell because of its high energy density and low material cost and the low level of potential pollutants contained. The widespread use of nickel-zinc batteries, particularly as electric vehicle power sources, would be strongly enhanced by significantly extending the deep-discharge cycle life beyond the current level of 100—300 cycles. Considerable work has been done in the past to develop a suitable separator for nickel— and silver—zinc batteries. 272 An excellent discussion of separator development is contained in a comprehensive review. 2 ... 

The manufacture of secondary batteries based on aqueous electrolytes forms a major part of the world electrochemical industry. Of this sector, the lead-acid system (and in particular SLI power sources), as described in the last chapter, is by far the most important component, but secondary alkaline cells form a significant and distinct commercial market. They are more expensive, but are particularly suited for consumer products which have relatively low capacity requirements. They are also used where good low temperature characteristics, robustness and low maintenance are important, such as in aircraft applications. Until recently the secondary alkaline industry has been dominated by the cadmium-nickel oxide ( nickel-cadmium ) cell, but two new systems are making major inroads, and may eventually displace the cadmium-nickel oxide cell - at least in the sealed cell market. These are the so-called nickel-metal hydride cell and the rechargeable zinc-manganese dioxide cell. There are also a group of important but more specialized alkaline cell systems which are in use or are under further development for traction, submarine and other applications. 

There are many methods of fabricating the electrodes for these cell systems. The earliest commercially successful developments used nickel hydroxide [12054-48-7], Ni(OH)2, positive electrodes. These electrodes are commonly called nickel electrodes, disregarding the actual chemical composition. Alkaline cells using the copper oxide—zinc couple preceeded nickel batteries but the CuO system never functioned well as a secondary battery. It was, however, commercially available for many years as a primary battery (see Batteries-PRIMARY cells). 

The nickel-based systems have traditionally included the following systems -nickel-iron (Ni/Fe), nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydrides (NiMH), nickel hydrogen (Ni/H2), and nickel-zinc (Ni/Zn). Of these, the metal hydride chemistry has been the most successful in the secondary battery market. AU nickel systems are based on the use of a nickel oxide active material (undergoing one valence change from charge to discharge or vice-versa). The electrodes can be pocket type, sintered type, fibrous type, foam type, pasted type, or plastic roll-bonded type. All systems use an alkaline electrolyte, KOH. 

To transport people and material growing transportation systems are needed. More and more of the energy for these systems is drawn from secondary batteries. The reason for this trend is economic, but there is also an environmental need for a future chance for electric traction. The actual development of electrochemical storage systems with components like sodium-sulfur, sodium-nickel chloride, nickel-metal hydride, zinc-bromine, zinc-air, and others, mainly intended for electric road vehicles, make the classical lead-acid traction batteries look old-fashioned and outdated. Lead-acid, this more than 150-year-old system, is currently the reliable and economic power source for electric traction. 

As with the primary battery systems, significant performance improvements have been made with the older secondary battery systems, and a number of newer types, such as the silver-zinc, the nickel-zinc, nickel-hydrogen, and lithium ion batteries, and the high-temperature system, have been introduced into commercial use or are under advanced development. Much of the development work on new systems has been supported by the need for high-performance batteries for portable consumer electronic applications and electric vehicles. Figure 22.1 illustrates the advances achieved in and the projections of the performance of rechargeable batteries for portable applications. 

The lead-acid battery system is by far the least costly of the secondary batteries, particularly the SLI type. The lead-acid traction and stationary batteries, having more expensive constmctional features and not as broad a production base, are several times more costly, but are still less expensive than the other secondary batteries. The nickel-cadmium and the rechargeable zinc/manganese dioxide batteries are next lowest in cost, followed by the nickel/metal hydride battery. The cost is very dependent on the cell size or capacity, the smaller button cells being considerably more expensive than the larger cylindrical and prismatic cells. The nickel-iron battery is more expensive and, for this reason among others, lost out to the less expensive battery system. 

Within each Part, chapters are included on all available types of primary batteries, secondary batteries and batteries available in primary and secondary versions. The primary batteries include carbon-zinc, carbon-zinc chloride, mercury-zinc and other mercury types, manganese dioxide-magnesium perchlorate, magnesium organic, lithium types (sulphur dioxide, thionyl chloride, vanadium pentoxide, iodine and numerous other lithium types), thermally activated and seawater batteries. Batteries available in primary and secondary Corms include alkaline manganese, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, zinc-air and cadmium-air. The secondary batteries discussed include lead-acid, the nickel types (cadmium, iron, zinc, hydrogen), zinc-chlorine, sodium-sulphur and other fast ion types. 

IBMA 43rd Convention, Chicago, 1980, 49-53 Landers, J. J. (1970) Requirements and characteristics of secondary battery separators. In Proceedingsofthe Meeting of the ElectrochemicalSociety, February 1970, pp. 4-24 Lundquist, J. T. Jr (1983) Separators for nickel-zinc batteries. 

Chloride Belgium NV, Groenstraat 31, Moitsel 2510 Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, lead-acid. 

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