Rechargeability secondary lithium batteries

Following the primary batteries we deal with (rechargeable) secondary lithium batteries, which within the last decade found their specific markets. Examples of them will be described. Finally we will see which special components within the battery system are needed, preferably when high rate versions are called for, which procure the desired reliability and safety, and how - according to the battery type -suitable ways are used for their disposal after the end of their life. 

Table 1. Theoretical capacities, rechargeable capacities, average operating voltages, and energy densities of secondary lithium batteries with insertion materials...

Secondary lithium-metal batteries which have a lithium-metal anode are attractive because their energy density is theoretically higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-molybdenum disulfide batteries were the world s first secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries. However, the batteries were recalled in 1989 because of an overheating defect. Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries are the only secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries which are manufactured at present. Lithium-vanadium oxide batteries are being researched and developed. Furthermore, electrolytes, electrolyte additives and lithium surface treatments are being studied to improve safety and recharge-ability. 

Path A, Path V, Shin DW, Choi JW, Paik DS, Yoon SJ (2008) Issue and challenges facing rechargeable thin film lithium batteries. Mater Res Bull 43 1913-1942 Jones SD, Akridge JR (1996) A microfabricated solid-state secondary Li battery. Solid State Ionics 86-88 1291-1294... 

Batteries contain several voltaic cells in series and are classified as primary (e.g., alkaline, mercury, and silver), secondary (e.g., lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion), or fuel cell. Supplying electricity to a rechargeable (secondary) battery reverses the redox reaction, forming more reactant for further use. Fuel cells generate a current through the controlled oxidation of a fuel such as H2. 

---