Mined ores

The raw ROM (run of mine) ore is reduced in size from boulders of up to 100 cm in diameter to about 0.5 cm using jaw cmshers as weU as cone, gyratory, or roU-type equipment. The cmshed product is further pulverized using rod mills and ball mills, bringing particle sizes to finer than about 65 mesh (230 p.m). These size reduction (qv) procedures are collectively known as comminution processes. Their primary objective is to generate mineral grains that are discrete and Hberated from one another (11). Liberation is essential for the exploitation of individual mineral properties in the separation process. At the same time, particles at such fine sizes can be more readily buoyed to the top of the flotation ceU by air bubbles that adhere to them. 

Sylvinite ore is relatively soft and easily broken. Thus, continuous miners of the boring- or rotating dmm-type can be used. These machines are modified continuous coal miners. This method is used in some of the mines in New Mexico, in all Canadian mines except the solution mines, and in many European mines. Ore is removed from the face by a number of methods, eg, with extensible belt conveyor ore-loading machines and shuttle cars to the main haulage line. To obtain maximum benefits from the continuous miners, the ore transport system must be as nearly continuous as possible. 

Heavy-Media Separation. Heavy-media separation, depicted in Eigure 3, can only be used for relatively rich sylvinite ores that consist of large crystals of KCl and NaCl, such as those mined in Saskatchewan (6,20). Crystals of the two salts in the Saskatchewan deposits are 6—9 mm in diameter. Mine ore that is cmshed sufficiently to pass through 6—9-mm screens in this size range results in a mixture consisting of discrete grains of each salt. 

Most U.S. production (20 x 10 lbs ia 1996) of primary vanadium compounds has been as by-products or coproducts of uranium and of ferrophosphoms derived from smelting Idaho phosphates. Most of this processiag was from leaching acids, residues, and spent catalysts. The only domestic commercially mined ore, for its sole production of vanadium, is Arkansas brookite. It has contributed significantly to domestic supply siace ca 1969, however, it has not been mined siace 1992 (25). 

Pressure-acid leaching was used to extract cobalt from Blackbird mine ores before its closing in 1974. The result was a very fine cobalt powder which was subjected to a seeding process to produce cobalt granules. Leaching methods are also used in the refinement of lateritic ores. 

Rare earth oxides and phosphors Ceramics (AI2O3) and glasses Mining ores and rocks Superconductors and precursor materials Thin films... 

One establishment in a facility mines ore all of the ore is smelted at a second establishment in the facility. The facility could calculate the value of production for each establishment separately. Alternatively, the facility could determine the value of the smelter operation by subtracting the value of the ore produced from the value of entire facility s production. 

The mining facility consists of four major operations 1) mining, ore extraction and transportation, 2) ore processing - treatment with chemical solvents to remove minerals, 3) removing impurities and 4) utilities e.g., electricity, steam, water, air and natural gas provided by the facility s power plant and by off-site suppliers. Accidents in any of these operations can stop the whole process. 

Erz-fall, m. Mining) ore shoot, -farbe, /. bronze color. 

Schlauch, m. tube, tubing, pipe (of flexible material), hose skin (for holding something) (Mining) ore pipe, ore chimney j drimkard glutton. 

Run-of-mine ore (sulphidic source of copper, mainly chalcopyrite)... 

Most lead used by industry comes from mined ores ("primary") or from recycled scrap metal or batteries ("secondary"). Human activities (such as the former use of "leaded" gasoline) have spread lead and substances that contain lead to all parts of the environment. For example, lead is in air, drinking water, rivers, lakes, oceans, dust, and soil. Lead is also in plants and animals that people may eat. See Chapter 3 for more information on the physical and chemical properties of lead. Chapter 4 contains more information on the production and use of lead. 

Lead is produced from both primary (i.e., mined ore) and secondary (i.e., scrap metal and wastes) sources, and is imported by the United States. In 1997, production from primary and secondary sources was 343,000 metric tons and 1.1 million metric tons, respectively (Smith 1998), and imports reached 265,000 metric tons (Larrabee 1998 Smith 1998). Approximately 1.6 million metric tons of lead were consumed in the United States in 1997 (Smith 1998). Of lead used in 1997, 86.9% was used for storage batteries, 7.8% was used in metal products, and 5.3% was used in miscellaneous applications (Smith 1998). Because of the adverse health effects associated with exposure to lead, its use in paints, ceramic products, gasoline additives (now banned), and solder has declined dramatically in recent years. In 1997,... 

In general, the run-of-mine ore is composed of quartz and silicates, 40-50%, and sulphides (pyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite). The principal tin mineral is cassiterite, with minor amounts of stannite. Based on liberation studies, a large portion of the tin is liberated at 300-400 pm size. A portion of the tin is liberated at-12 pm size. The generalized gravity concentration flowsheet is shown in Figure 21.9. 

The mineralogy of the Rosetta Nile black sand monazite is relatively complex and contains a variety of different minerals. Table 24.11 shows the chemical analysis of the run-of-mine ore. 

Potassium chloride is produced by several processes. The salt is recovered from natural brine by solar evaporation in shallow ponds. Various methods are employed in mining ores from their natural deposits. Usually it is recovered from sylvinite or a naturally occuring complex mixture of langbeinite and kainite. 

The BenCHEM soil washing system successfully treats inorganic mining ores and ore processing tailing wastes. The technology has also been successfully applied to petroleum-contaminated soils containing tetraethyl lead. 

Japan Ehime Prefecture Ichinokawa Mine Ore deposits and mining wastes... 

Australia New South Wales Tomakin Park gold mine Ore deposits and mining wastes Reith, McPhail and Christy (2005)... 

Australia Queensland Cloncurry district Lorena gold mine Ore deposits Lawrence et al. (1999)... 

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