Lead-acid secondary batteries pasting

Once received at a secondary smelter, a lead-acid battery undergoes several processing stages to recover and treat the various component parts. In most modern plants, automatic battery breakers are used to process and recover these parts. There are many variations to battery-breaking operations throughout the world, although the outputs obtained from each operation are similar, namely, battery pastes, metallic fractions, acid, plastic components. 

In the past, the lead-acid battery was called the secondary battery, but in the same time when cyclic use was applied by repeating discharge and charge, it had the problem that the life became short. It was caused by decline of the bonding strength of positive active material and by occurrence of the sulfation which are due to large sized lead sulfate crystals on negative active material that cannot be reduced to metallic lead any more [4], To resolve these problems, improvement to drrrability of the active materials will be researched for the future lead-acid battery [7],... 

Figure 1.1 shows a slight decline in mine production, although it has been relatively steady over the past two decades. Mined lead will correspond closely with primary metal production at around 3 300 000 t/a. The gap between mine production and total consumption closely matched the prodnction of lead from secondary sonrces, which was 4 200 000 t/a in 2005 and growing significantly. This increase in secondary lead prodnction matches the increasing proportion of lead being used for lead-acid batteries. 

Of the conventional secondary systems, the nickel-iron and the vented pocket-type nickel-cadmium batteries are best with regard to cycle life and total lifetime. The nickel-hydrogen battery developed mainly for aerospace applications, has demonstrated very long cycle life under shallow depth of discharge. The lead-acid batteries do not match the performance of the best alkaline batteries. The pasted cells have the shortest life of the lead-acid cells the best cycle life is obtained with the tubular design, and the Plante design has the best lifetime. 

Only lead-acid batteries (including both metal grids and oxide pastes), lead cable sheathing or lead sheet and pipe make any significant contribution as recycled old lead scrap. Of these sources of secondary lead raw materials, battery scrap (mainly from automobiles) is by far the most important, accounting for upwards of 70-80 per cent of old scrap arisings in many countries and perhaps for as much as 90 per cent in the USA. Other end-uses... 

Alternatives to coal and hydrocarbon fuels as a source of power have been sought with increasing determination over the past three decades. One possibility is the Hydrogen Economy (p, 40), Another possibility, particularly for secondary, mobile sources of power, is the use of storage batteries. Indeed, electric vehicles were developed simultaneously with the first intemal-combustion-cngined vehicles, the first being made in 1888. In those days, over a century ago, electric vehicles were popular and sold well compared with the then noisy, inconvenient and rather unreliable peU ol-engined vehicles. In 1899 an electric car held the world land-speed record at 105 km per hour. In the early years of this century, taxis in New York, Boston and Berlin were mainly electric there were over 20000 electi ic vehicles in the USA and some 10000 cars and commercial vehicles in London. Even today (silent) battery-powered milk delivery vehicles are still operated in the UK. These use the traditional lead-sulfuric acid battery (p. 371), but this is extremely heavy and rather expensive. 

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