Applications secondary batteries

E. Peled, D. Golodnitsky, G, Ardel, J. Lang, Y. Lavi, Proc. 11th Int. Sem. on Primary and Secondary Battery Technology and Applications, Eds. S.P. Wolsky, N. Marincic, Florida, 1994. 

I] H. Shirai, R. Spolnitz, Lithium Jon Secondary Battery-Materials and Applications (Eds. Yoshio, Kozawa), Nikkan Kogyo Shin-bun, 1996 p. 91. In Japanese. 

R. W. Callahan, K. V. Nguyen, J. G. McLean, J. Propst, D. K. Hoffman, 10th International Seminar on Primary and Secondary Battery Technology and Application, March 1-4, 1993. 

R- Spotnitz, M. Ferebee, R. Callahan, K. Nguyen, W.-C. Yu, M. Geiger, C. Dwiggins, H. Fisher, D. Hoffman, 12th International Seminar on Primary and Secondary Battery Technology and Applications,1995. 

Modem electrochemistry has vast applications. Electrochemical processes form the basis of large-scale chemical and metaUnrgical production of a number of materials. Electrochemical phenomena are responsible for metallic corrosion, which causes untold losses in the economy. Modem electrochemical power sources (primary and secondary batteries) are used in many helds of engineering, and their production figures are measured in billions of units. Other electrochemical processes and devices are also used widely. 

Lithium perchlorate-dioxolane electrolyte systems are unsafe for secondary battery applications, as an explosion occurred during overnight cyclic testing of a Li/TiS2 system. The effect was duplicated under all over-discharge or cell-reversal conditions. 

The electrochemical behavior of thin-film oxide-hydroxide electrodes containing chromium, nickel and cobalt compounds was investigated. Experimental results have shown that such compounds can be successfully used as active cathodic materials in a number of emerging primary and secondary battery applications. 

Bath towels (terry), number produced from one bale of cotton, 8 133t Bathtub failure rate, 26 988 Batik printing, 9 219 Batteries, 3 407-434. See also Alkaline cells Carbon-zinc cells Lead-acid batteries Lithium cells Primary batteries Secondary batteries chromium application, 6 565 cobalt applications, 7 247... 

Fig. 11.15, the loss of capacity with cycle life is shown. The available energy capacity can be calculated as 35 kW h at the beginning of the battery s life and 21 kW h at the end. The energy density of 86 W h kg at the beginning is attractive compared with the conventional secondary batteries of 40 W h kg or less. The energy capability with cycling must be improved for practical applications. 

Nickel—hydrogen batteries offer long cycle life that exceeds that of other maintenance-free secondary battery systems and accordingly makes it suitable for many space applications. Three types of separator materials have been used for aerospace Ni—H2 cells— asbestos (fuel-cell-grade asbestos paper), Zircar (untreated knit ZYK-15 Zircar cloth),and nylon. 

Shirai, H. Spotnitz, R. Lithium Ion Secondary Battery-Materials and Applications, Yoshio, K, Ed. Nikkan Kogyo Shin-bun Tokyo, 1996 p 91 (in Japanese). 

Danko, T. Properties of cellulose separators for alkaline secondary batteries. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Battery Conference on Applications 8z Advances, IEEE New York, 1995 p 261. 

The manufacture of secondary batteries based on aqueous electrolytes forms a major part of the world electrochemical industry. Of this sector, the lead-acid system (and in particular SLI power sources), as described in the last chapter, is by far the most important component, but secondary alkaline cells form a significant and distinct commercial market. They are more expensive, but are particularly suited for consumer products which have relatively low capacity requirements. They are also used where good low temperature characteristics, robustness and low maintenance are important, such as in aircraft applications. Until recently the secondary alkaline industry has been dominated by the cadmium-nickel oxide ( nickel-cadmium ) cell, but two new systems are making major inroads, and may eventually displace the cadmium-nickel oxide cell - at least in the sealed cell market. These are the so-called nickel-metal hydride cell and the rechargeable zinc-manganese dioxide cell. There are also a group of important but more specialized alkaline cell systems which are in use or are under further development for traction, submarine and other applications. 

Industrial applications for 1,3,2-dioxathiolane. Y-oxidcs and 1,3,2-dioxathiolane. Y,.Y-dioxides include their use as components of the nonaqueous solvent of electrolyte solutions in lithium secondary batteries <2000JPP2000188127, 2002JPP2002237331, 2002JPP2002319430, 2003JPP2003157900, 2003JPP2003173821, 2004JPP2004055502,... 

Lithium cyclodifluoromethane-l,l-bis(sulfonyl)imide 150 found an application as a conductive salt in nonaqueous electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries. The corresponding battery cells showed outstanding properties in respect to the capacity and the constant voltage <1997WO9731909>. 

Physicochemical properties of ILs can be changed by variation of the component ions. There are important studies to achieve ILs having excellent properties such as low Tm, low viscosity, high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical potential windows. It is generally understood that ILs are difficult to apply as electrolyte solution substituents because they contain a large number of ions which cannot work as carrier ions for electrochemical devices such as secondary batteries. Therefore, structural design of ions for particular applications is important for ILs. Selective ion conduction is one of the attractive and challenging tasks for IL science. 

The chemical stability and electrochemical reversibility of PVF films makes them potentially useful in a variety of applications. These include electrocatalysis of organic reductions [20] and oxidations [21], sensors [22], secondary batteries [23], electrochemical diodes [24] and non-aqueous reference electrodes [25]. These same characteristics also make PVF attractive as a model system for mechanistic studies. Classical electrochemical methods, such as voltammetry [26-28] chronoamperometry [26], chronopotentiometry [27], and electrochemical impedance [29], and in situ methods, such as spectroelectrochemistry [30], the SECM [26] and the EQCM [31-38] have been employed to this end. Of particular relevance here are the insights they have provided on anion exchange [31, 32], permselectivity [32, 33] and the kinetics of ion and solvent transfer [34-... 

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