Secondary Lithium-Carbon Batteries

TM oxide insertion 293-321 lithium carbon batteries, secondary 45 lithium carbon materials 361... 

Table 13. Specifications of secondary lithium-carbon batteries...

Carbonaceous materials with varying degree of graphitic order are the most common commercial anodes in secondary lithium-ion batteries. Among carbon-based materials, natural graphite is the most promising anode... 

Bath towels (terry), number produced from one bale of cotton, 8 133t Bathtub failure rate, 26 988 Batik printing, 9 219 Batteries, 3 407-434. See also Alkaline cells Carbon-zinc cells Lead-acid batteries Lithium cells Primary batteries Secondary batteries chromium application, 6 565 cobalt applications, 7 247... 

Primary batteries, 3 434—469. See also Alkaline primary cells Batteries Carbon-zinc cells Lithium primary cells Secondary batteries defined, 3 409... 

In the lithium-ion secondary battery, which was put on the market in 1990, the difficulty of the Li+/Li electrode was avoided by use of a carbon negative electrode Cy), which works as a host for Li+ ions by intercalation. The active material for the positive electrode is typically LiCo02, which is layer-structured and also works as a host for Li+ ions. The electrolyte solutions are nearly the same as those used in the primary lithium batteries. A schematic diagram of a lithium-ion battery is shown in Fig. 12.2. The cell reaction is as follows ... 

This chapter is concerned with primary and secondary batteries. Please refer to the respective chapters for a detailed discussion of fuel cells (Chapter 9), ultracapacitors (Chapter 8), and advanced carbon materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (Chapter 7). 

Various synthesis methods were proposed at the beginning of development of the lithium-ion secondary battery. It is understood that the LiCoOj is obtained using a cobalt compound and a lithium compound as the raw materials and synthesizing it by heating as shown in Table 15.3. It is postulated that cobalt carbonate was first used as the cobalt compound. After large-scale production started, cobalt oxide (COjO ) as the cobalt compound, and lithium carbonate (Li COj) as the lithium compound began to be mainly nsed dne to the stability of their quality and supply. 

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