Secondary Rechargeable Batteries

Cadmium hydroxide is the anode material of Ag—Cd and Ni—Cd rechargeable storage batteries (see Batteries, secondary cells). Cadmium sulfide, selenide, and especially teUuride find utiUty in solar cells (see Solarenergy). Cadmium sulfide, Hthopone, and sulfoselenide are used as colorants (orange, yellow, red) for plastics, glass, glazes, mbber, and fireworks (see Colorants for ceramics Colorants forplastics Pigments). 

In the shops, secondary batteries are usually called rechargeable batteries. 

RECEPTOR technique, 76 756-757 Receptor topology, 76 774-775 Receptor tyrosine kinases, 20 832 Rechargeable batteries. See Secondary batteries... 

A dry cell battery stops producing electricity when the reactants are used up. This type of battery is disposable after it has run down completely. A disposable battery is known as a primary battery. Some other batteries are rechargeable. A rechargeable battery is known as a secondary battery. The rest of this section will deal with primary batteries. You will learn about secondary batteries in section 11.3. 

In section 11.1, you learned about several primary (disposable) batteries that contain galvanic cells. One of the most common secondary (rechargeable) batteries is found in car engines. Most cars contain a lead-acid battery, shown in Figure 11.18. When you turn the ignition, a surge of electricity from the battery starts the motor. 

Galvanic cells in which stored chemicals can be reacted on demand to produce an electric current are termed primary cells. The discharging reaction is irreversible and the contents, once exhausted, must be replaced or the cell discarded. Examples are the dry cells that activate small appliances. In some galvanic cells (called secondary cells), however, the reaction is reversible that is, application of an electrical potential across the electrodes in the opposite direction will restore the reactants to their high-enthalpy state. Examples are rechargeable batteries for household appliances, automobiles, and many industrial applications. Electrolytic cells are the reactors upon which the electrochemical process, electroplating, and electrowinning industries are based. 

The battery industry has seen enormous growth over the past few years in portable, rechargeable battery packs. The majority of this surge can be attributed to the widespread use of cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDA s), laptop computers, and other wireless electronics. Batteries remained the mainstream source of power for systems ranging from mobile phones and PDA s to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The world market for batteries was approximately 41 billion in 2000, which included 16.2 billion primary and 24.9 billion secondary cells. 

Nickel(lll) oxide, prepared from a nickel(ii) salt and sodium hypochlorite, is used for the oxidation of alkanols in aqueous alkali [46]. Residual nickel(Ii) oxide can be re-activated by reaction with sodium hypochlorite. Nickel oxides have also long been used in the manufacture of the positive pole in the Edison nickel-iron rechargeable battery, now largely superseded by die lead-acid accumulator, and in the Jungner nickel-cadmium batteries used as button cells for calculators [47]. Here, prepared nickel oxide is pressed into a holding plate of perforated nickel. Such prepared plates of nickel(lli) oxide have been proposed as reagent for the oxidation, in alkaline solution, of secondary alcohols to ketones and primary alcohols to carboxylic acids [48]. Used plates can be regenerated by anodic oxidation. 

Cadmium-Nickel Oxide (Ni-Cd) Secondary Cells Besides lead-acid batteries, cadmium-nickel oxide cells represent the most popular type of rechargeable batteries [344]. The scheme of the cell is ... 

Tables 1 and 2 contain characteristics of various primary and secondary battery systems, respectively. Table 3 contains performance parameters for promising rechargeable battery systems in various stages of research and commercial development.

In the following we adopt the usual distinction between devices that convert chemical in electrical energy but cannot be electrically charged again (primary batteries), metabolistic cells in which active masses are continually supplied and removed by gas flow (fuel cells) and cells that can be recharged electrically (secondary batteries). In all these cases great technological advances have been made and there exists a rich literature on these topics. 

As another matter of convention, a single-use, i.e., nonrechargeable, battery is known also as a primary battery. A rechargeable battery is also known as a secondary battery. 

Since 1803, when Ritter invented the voltaic pile, rechargeable batteries have been known to exist [5]. The big breakthrough came in 1859, when Plante introduced the lead-acid battery [6]. Until today, this kind of secondary battery has been the most well-known electrochemical device. It is omnipresent in every car as a starter battery and also plays an important role in stationary energy storage (e.g. for uninterruptable power supplies). 

B) The most durable secondary (rechargeable) battery is Plante s lead-acid storage battery of 1859 in the discharge mode the reactions in each cell are... 

Galvanic cells as power (current) sources include primary (non-rechargeable) cells, secondary (rechargeable) cells (- batteries), and fuel cells. 

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