Batteries lead-acid secondary cells

They have outstanding properties in comparison with conventional secondary batteries with aqueous acidic or alkaline electrolytes including nickel / cadmium, nickel / metal hydride and lead-acid secondary cells. The features of LIBs are as follows. 

Secondary batteries, 3 471-552. See also Alkaline secondary cells Batteries Lead-acid batteries Lithium secondary cells Primary batteries defined, 3 409... 

By far the largest sector of the battery industry worldwide is based on the lead-acid aqueous cell whose dominance is due to a combination of low cost, versatility and the excellent reversibility of the electrochemical system, Lead-acid cells have extensive use both as portable power sources for vehicle service and traction, and in stationary applications ranging from small emergency supplies to load levelling systems. In terms of sales, the lead-acid battery occupies over 50% of the entire primary and secondary market, with an estimated value of 100 billion per annum before retail mark-up. 

Batteries, Electric (Lead-Acid Storage)"in ECT 1st ed, Vol. 2, pp. 340—360, by Joseph A. Orsino and Thomas C. Lynes, National Lead Company "Secondary Cells, Lead—Acid" under "Batteries and Electric Cells, Secondary" in ECT 2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 249—271, by Joseph A. Orsino, National Lead Company "Batteries and Electric Cells, Secondary (Lead—Acid)" in ECT 3rd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 640—663, by James B. Doe, ESB Technology Company. 

BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS (SECTION 20.7) A battery is a self-contained electrochemical power source that contains one or more voltaic cells. Batteries are based on a variety of different redox reactions. Batteries that cannot be recharged are called primary cells, while those that can be recharged are called secondary cells. The common alkaline dry cell battery is an example of a primary cell battery. Lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries are examples of secondary cells. Fuel cells are voltaic cells that utilize redox reactions in which reactants such as H2 have to be continuously supphed to the cell to generate voltage. 

A car battery is a secondary cell that consists of plates of lead and lead(IV) oxide immersed in sulfuric acid (Figure 20.24). The voltage of each cell is 2 V. In order to operate the car s starter motor, a higher voltage is... 

Until about 1880 the lead-acid battery was exclusively then subject of scientific study. Possible commercial utilization lacked suitable charging processes secondary cells had to be charged by means of the primary cells already known at that time. 

By contrast, secondary batteries may be reused after regenerating their original redox chemicals. This is achieved by passing a current through the battery in the opposite direction to that during normal battery usage. The most common examples of secondary batteries are the lead-acid cell (there is one inside most cars) and nickel-cadmium batteries (commonly called NiCad batteries). 

The lead-acid cell was invented by Plante in 1859, and has remained more-or-less unchanged since Faurd updated it in 1881. The lead-acid cell is the world s most popular choice of secondary battery, meaning it is rechargeable. It delivers an emf of about 2.0 V. Six lead-acid batteries in series produce an emf of 12 V. 

Bath towels (terry), number produced from one bale of cotton, 8 133t Bathtub failure rate, 26 988 Batik printing, 9 219 Batteries, 3 407-434. See also Alkaline cells Carbon-zinc cells Lead-acid batteries Lithium cells Primary batteries Secondary batteries chromium application, 6 565 cobalt applications, 7 247... 

In section 11.1, you learned about several primary (disposable) batteries that contain galvanic cells. One of the most common secondary (rechargeable) batteries is found in car engines. Most cars contain a lead-acid battery, shown in Figure 11.18. When you turn the ignition, a surge of electricity from the battery starts the motor. 

Nickel(lll) oxide, prepared from a nickel(ii) salt and sodium hypochlorite, is used for the oxidation of alkanols in aqueous alkali [46]. Residual nickel(Ii) oxide can be re-activated by reaction with sodium hypochlorite. Nickel oxides have also long been used in the manufacture of the positive pole in the Edison nickel-iron rechargeable battery, now largely superseded by die lead-acid accumulator, and in the Jungner nickel-cadmium batteries used as button cells for calculators [47]. Here, prepared nickel oxide is pressed into a holding plate of perforated nickel. Such prepared plates of nickel(lli) oxide have been proposed as reagent for the oxidation, in alkaline solution, of secondary alcohols to ketones and primary alcohols to carboxylic acids [48]. Used plates can be regenerated by anodic oxidation. 

Cadmium-Nickel Oxide (Ni-Cd) Secondary Cells Besides lead-acid batteries, cadmium-nickel oxide cells represent the most popular type of rechargeable batteries [344]. The scheme of the cell is ... 

Secondary cells are voltaic cells that can be recharged repeatedly. The lead storage battery and nickel-cadmium cell are examples of secondary cells. The lead storage battery consists of six voltaic cells. Its electrodes are lead alloy plates, which take the form of a grill, filled with spongy lead metal. The cathode consists of another group of plates filled with lead (IV) oxide, P6O2. Dilute sulfuric acid is the electrolyte of the cell. When the battery delivers a current, the lead is oxidized to lead ions, which combine with sulfate fS0 7 ions of the electrolyte to cover the lead electrode. 

The manufacture of secondary batteries based on aqueous electrolytes forms a major part of the world electrochemical industry. Of this sector, the lead-acid system (and in particular SLI power sources), as described in the last chapter, is by far the most important component, but secondary alkaline cells form a significant and distinct commercial market. They are more expensive, but are particularly suited for consumer products which have relatively low capacity requirements. They are also used where good low temperature characteristics, robustness and low maintenance are important, such as in aircraft applications. Until recently the secondary alkaline industry has been dominated by the cadmium-nickel oxide ( nickel-cadmium ) cell, but two new systems are making major inroads, and may eventually displace the cadmium-nickel oxide cell - at least in the sealed cell market. These are the so-called nickel-metal hydride cell and the rechargeable zinc-manganese dioxide cell. There are also a group of important but more specialized alkaline cell systems which are in use or are under further development for traction, submarine and other applications. 

Barium sulfide - [MEDICALIMAGINGTECHNOLOGY] (Voll6) - [BARIUMCOMPOUNDS] (Vol 3) - [BROMINE] (Vol 4) -m battenes [BATTERIES - SECONDARY CELLS - LEAD-ACID] (V ol 3) -as dental matenal filler [DENTAL MATERIALS] (Vol 7) -by-product of zmc sulfide [PIGMENTS - INORGANIC] (Vol 19) -as radiopaque [RADIOPAQUES] (Vol 20)... 

B) The most durable secondary (rechargeable) battery is Plante s lead-acid storage battery of 1859 in the discharge mode the reactions in each cell are... 

Current collector — In the battery discipline, a good electron conductor support designed to transfer electrons from the external circuit to the active materials of the cell. Current collectors are usually metal foils or nets that are inert under the operational chemical and electrochemical conditions. In some cases carbon cloth is also used. In secondary - lead-acid batteries the chemical nature of the current collectors (plates, grids) is particularly imperative, as it influences the self-discharge and the performance under overcharge and discharge conditions. Frequently, current collectors have also the important role of imparting mechanical stability to the electrodes. 

One technically important secondary battery is the lead-acid storage battery, used in automobiles. A 12-V lead storage battery consists of six 2.0-V cells (Fig. 17.9) connected in series (cathode to anode) by an internal lead linkage and housed in a hard rubber or plastic case. In each cell the anode consists of metallic lead in porous form to maximize its contact area with the electrolyte. The cathode is of similar design, but its lead has been converted to lead dioxide. A sulfuric acid solution (37% by mass) serves as the electrolyte. 

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