Li SECONDARY BATTERIES

IMPROVED ELETROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACE-COATED Li(Ni,Co,Mn)02 CATHODE MATERIAL FOR Li SECONDARY BATTERIES... 

Yata, S., Y. Hato, H. Kinoshita, N. Ando, A. Anekawa, T. Hashimoto, M. Yamaguchi, K. Tanaka, and T. Yamabe. 1995. Characteristics of deeply Li-doped polyacenic semiconductor material and fabrication of a Li secondary battery. Synth. Metals 73 273-277. 

Ko KS, Park CW, Yoon SH, Oh SM. Preparation of Kevlar-derived carbon fibers and their anodic performances in Li secondary batteries. Carbon 2001 39 1619-1625. 

Zeolite-based solid electrolytes have been used in the manufacture of Li secondary batteries with the zeolite acting as the host for Li ions [174,176], These materials were applied as hosts for Zn11, in Zn-Mn02 batteries [177], and in Pb11 in lead acid batteries [178]. 

Self-doped polyanilines are advantageous due to properties such as solubility, pH independence, redox activity and conductivity. These properties make them more promising in various applications such as energy conversion devices, sensors, electrochromic devices, etc. (see Chapter 1, section 1.6). Several studies have focused on the preparation of self-doped polyaniline nanostructures (i.e., nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanofilms, nanocomposites, etc.) and their applications. Buttry and Tor-resi et al. [51, 244, 245] prepared the nanocomposites from self-doped polyaniline, poly(N-propane sulfonic acid, aniline) and V2O5 for Li secondary battery cathodes. The self-doped polyaniline was used instead of conventional polyaniline to minimize the anion participation in the charge-discharge process and maximize the transport number of Li". In lithium batteries, it is desirable that only lithium cations intercalate into the cathode, because this leads to the use of small amounts of electrolyte... 

Various efforts have been made to implant Sn-based anode into a Li-secondary battery, since it was first reported by Idota etal. in 1997. The theoretical capacity of the SnOz anode is 781 mAh/g and can be... 

In this investigation, elemental distribution on the electrode was also clarified by EDX mounted on the in situ SEM system. Figure 5.5.9a shows an SEM image of the Li deposition process in the Li secondary battery cell at an early stage. We recognized variations in contrast difference that are caused by edge effect. 

Park C-M, Kim J-H, Kim H, Sohn H-J (2010) Li-alloy based anode materials for Li secondary batteries. Chem Soc Rev 39 3115-3141... 

Park C-M et al (2006) Enhancement of the rate capability and cyclability of an Mg-C composite electrode for Li secondary batteries. J Power Sour 158 1451-1455... 

CPs have been investigated for a very wide variety of battery applications, although mostly for secondary (rechargeable) batteries. They have been used as the anode as well as the cathode material, although cathode materials in Li secondary batteries have overwhelmingly been the main focus of interest. Applications have included all-CP (anode/cathode) batteries [685], lead-acid batteries [686], Zn batteries [687] and others. Although poly(aniline) (P(ANi)) and poly(pyrrole) (P(Py)) have overwhelmingly been the primary focus of interest, other common CPs studied have included poly(p-phenylene) (P(PP)), poly (acetylene) (P(Ac)), poly (thiophene) (P(T)). 

We shall start our discussion then with the focus of the vast majority of the studies, i.e. CPs as cathode materials in Li secondary batteries, whence the principles of CP use in batteries will become familiar. We shall then progress to the other battery applications from there. Before this, however, we must digress briefly to the benchmarks, parameters and terms used to judge battery performance, so that the reader is familiar with where Li batteries stack in relation to other batteries. 

Illustrative charge/discharge characteristics of (a) well-behaved and (b) poor Li secondary battery. After Reference [688], reproduced with permission. 

Nishizawa et al. [708] studied Li secondary batteries based on cathodes comprised of P(Py)-coated spinel LiMn204 nanotubules of ca. 200 nm outer diameter, prepared by thermal decomposition of an aqueous solution containing Li and Mn nitrates using a nanoporous alumina membrane as a template which was later dissolved off. These electrodes showed superior performance to P(Py)-coated LiMu204 thin films, with capacities claimed to be up to 12 times greater. 

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