Secondary lead

Until the widespread use of the lead-acid battery, metallic lead scrap was originally simply melted for reuse by smelters or by consumers and foundries. Although the battery was invented by Gaston Plante in 1859, it was not until the automobile became ubiquitous that specialised secondary smelters came 

The secondary lead industry now represents almost 70 per cent of total lead supply and hence exceeds the scale of the primary smelting industry. 

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Secondary Lead. The emphasis in technological development for the lead industry in the 1990s is on secondary or recycled lead. Recovery from scrap is an important source for the lead demands of the United States and the test of the world. In the United States, over 70% of the lead requirements are satisfied by recycled lead products. The ratio of secondary to primary lead increases with increasing lead consumption for batteries. WeU-organized collecting channels are requited for a stable future for lead (see BATTERIES, SECONDARY CELLS Recycling NONFERROUS METALS). 

Secondary lead production made up over 70% of the lead produced in the United States in 1992 vs 54% in 1980. The amount of secondary lead produced was 698 X 10 t in 1988, 888 x 10 t in 1990, and 878 x 10 t in 1992. Of the 1.2 x 10 t of lead consumed in the United States in 1992, approximately 880,000 t were produced from the recycling of lead—acid batteries and 350,000 t from primary sources. A similar trend exists worldwide. In 1992, for the first time, slightly over half (51%) of the lead produced in the world came from secondary sources. 

Batteries, Electric (Lead-Acid Storage)"in ECT 1st ed., Vol. 2, pp. 340—360, by Joseph A. Orsino and Thomas C. Lynes, National Lead Company "Secondary CeUs, Lead—Acid" under "Batteries and Electric CeUs, Secondary" in ECT 2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 249—271, byjoseph A. Orsino, National Lead Company "Batteries and Electric CeUs, Secondary (Lead—Acid)" in ECT 3rd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 640—663, by James B. Doe, ESB Technology Company. 

Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Vessels (Including Petroleum Liquid Storage Vessels) for Which Construction, Reconstruction, or Modification Commenced after July 23, 1984 Secondary Lead Smelters... 

Nonferrous metallurgy is as varied as the ores and finished products. Almost every thermal, chemical, and physical process known to engineers is in use. The general classification scheme that follows gives an understanding of the emissions and control systems aluminum (primary and secondary), beryllium, copper (primary and secondary), lead (primary and secondary), mercury, zinc, alloys of nonferrous metals (primary and secondary), and other nonferrous metals. 

The U.S. is the world s largest recycler of lead scrap and is able to meet about 72% of its total refined lead production needs from scrap recycling. The secondary lead industry consists of 16 companies that operate 23 battery breakers-smelters with capacities of between 10,000 and 120,000 t/yr five smaller operations with capacities between 6000 and 10,000 t/yr and 15 smaller plants that produce mainly specialty alloys for solders, brass and bronze ingots, and miscellaneous uses. 

The material inputs and pollution outputs resulting from primary and secondary lead processing are presented in Table 3.6. 

Secondary lead Battery scrap, rerun slag, Sulfur dioxide, Slag, emission control... 

The principal raw material for the secondary lead industry is scrap batteries. Wastewater is generated from battery acid streams, washdown streams, and saw cooling for cracking the batteries. These... 

Concentrations of Classical Pollutants in the Raw Wastewater of the Secondary Lead Subcategory... 

Special Industries Certain industrial units, such as secondary lead and nickel-chromium smelters and mercury recovery furnaces, and other units that process wastes from metals recovery normally do not meet the conditions required for being considered as legitimately burned for metals recovery. U.S. EPA revised the BIF standards to conditionally exclude those wastes that are processed for metals recovery, but do not meet the criteria. Waste streams in these units must contain recoverable levels of metals and the waste must not contain more than 500 mg/L of the toxic organics listed in Part 261 to be considered for this conditional exemption. 

C—Lead Lead anode Lead oxide Secondary Lead—add batteries used for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI)... 

Secondary lead smelters— standards for particulate matter blast (cupola) or reverberatory furnace <50 mg/dscm (0.022 gr/dscf) <20% opacity 40 CFR 60, Subpart L EPA 1977... 

Gerhardsson L, Hagmar L, Rylander L, et al. 1995a. Mortality and cancer incidence among secondary lead smelter workers. Occup Environ Med 52 667-672. 

Tsai ECE. 1987. Analysis of ambient lead concentrations around three secondary lead smelters. Water Air Soil Pollut 33 321-329. 

Major sources of lead in Atlantic coast streams included wastes from metal-finishing industries, brass manufacturing, lead alkyl production, primary and secondary lead smelting, coal combustion, and manufacture of lead oxide. 

Ostrowski, S.R., E.W. Gunter, and T.D. Matte. 1990. Blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels in donkeys and mules near a secondary lead smelter in Jamaica, 1987-88. Veterin. Human Toxicol. 32 53-56. 

Secondary intrinsic magnetic properties, of M-type ferrites, 11 67, 68 Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), 24 74. See also SIMS entries archaeological materials, 5 744 Secondary ions, measurement of, 24 107 Secondary lead, 14 756-760 developments related to, 14 760 Secondary mercury production, end-uses and sources for, 16 39-42 Secondary metabolites... 

Range represents total of secondary copper smelting (74-740) and secondary lead smelting (0.7-3.5). Value represents diesel only. 

An economic analysis of the HRD flame reactor technology was performed by the U.S. EPA using 12 separate cost categories. Based on the assumptions made in the economic analysis, the estimated cost for treating secondary lead soda slag (SLS) ranges from 208 to 932 per ton. 

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