Secondary Batteries Based on Lithium

The primary and secondary batteries based on lithium use nonaqueous electrolytes because of the reactivity of Hthium with aqueous solutions. 

With respect to LiCoO of the positive electrode-active material for the lithium-ion secondary battery, some of the technological changes have been described. It is said that the improvement in the capacity of the lithium-ion secondary battery based on... 

The majority of electrochemical cells to have been constructed are based on PEO, PAN, or PVdF [101]. Recently, the Yuasa Corporation have commercialized solid polymer electrolyte batteries, primarily for use in devices such as smart cards, ID cards, etc. To date, the batteries which have been manufactured and marketed are primary lithium batteries based on a plasticized polymer electrolyte, but a similar secondary battery is expected [120]. 

Initial development of ambient secondary lithium batteries was based on the primary lithium systems described in Chapter 4, consisting of a lithium metal negative, a non-aqueous lithium ion conducting electrolyte and a positive electrode material which could undergo a reversible electrochemical reaction with lithium ions ... 

Edison cell — A nickel-iron (Ni-Fe) secondary (rechargeable) cell independently developed by Edison in USA and W. Jiinger in Sweden in 1900. The cell (-> battery) is based on the use of nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) at the positive electrode and metallic iron for the negative electrode, and a potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution containing lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is the electrolyte. The Ni-Fe cell is represented as ( Fe/KOH/NiOOH. The charge-discharge reactions for the Edison (Ni-Fe) cell are as follows ... 

Sodium and lithium Both sodium [15] and lithium [16] electrodeposition was successful in neutral chloroaluminate ionic liquids that contained protons. These elements are interesting for Na- or Li-based secondary batteries, where the metals would serve directly as the anode material. The electrodeposition is not possible in basic or acidic chloroaluminates, only proton-rich NaQ or LiQ buffered neutral chloroaluminate liquids were feasible. The protons enlarged the electrochemical window towards the cathodic regime so that the alkali metal electrodeposition became possible. For Na the proton source was dissolved HQ that was introduced via the gas phase or via 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen dichloride. Triethanolamine hydrogen dichloride was employed as the proton source for Li electrodeposition. For both alkali metals, reversible deposition and stripping were reported on tungsten and stainless steel substrates, respectively. 

BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS (SECTION 20.7) A battery is a self-contained electrochemical power source that contains one or more voltaic cells. Batteries are based on a variety of different redox reactions. Batteries that cannot be recharged are called primary cells, while those that can be recharged are called secondary cells. The common alkaline dry cell battery is an example of a primary cell battery. Lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries are examples of secondary cells. Fuel cells are voltaic cells that utilize redox reactions in which reactants such as H2 have to be continuously supphed to the cell to generate voltage. 

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