Silver oxide secondary batteries

The rechargeable silver oxide batteries are noted for their high specific energy and power density. The high cost of the silver electrode, however, has limited their use to applications where high specific energy or power density is a prime requisite, such as lightweight medical and electronic equipment, submarines, torpedoes, and space applications. The characteristics of the silver oxide secondary batteries are summarized in Table 33.1. 

TABLE 33.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Silver Oxide Secondary Batteries... 

TABLE 33.9 Summary of Recent Developments in Silver Oxide Secondary Batteries and Components... 

J.J. Lander, R. D. Weaver, A.J. Salkind, J.J. Kelley in Characteristics of Separators for Alkaline Silver Oxide Zinc Secondary Batteries. Screening Methods (Eds. J.E. Cooper, A. Fleischer), NASA Technical Report NAS 5-2860,1964. 

There are two major types of household batteries (a) Primary batteries are those that cannot be reused. They include alkaline/manganese, carbon-zinc, mercuric oxide, zinc-air, silver oxide, and other types of button batteries, (b) Secondary batteries are those that can be reused secondary batteries (rechargeable) include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and potentially nickel-hydrogen. 

Separators must be resistant to the high pH and, since silver oxide is slightly soluble in strong bases, must prevent migration of silver ions to the anode. Such separators are further considered in Chapter 6, where secondary batteries based on the zinc-silver oxide system are described. 

It must be emphasized that the most appropriate charging regime is very dependent on the cell system under consideration. Some are tolerant to a considerable amount of overcharging (e.g. nickel-cadmium batteries), while for others, such as zinc-silver oxide and most lithium secondary cells, overcharging can result in permanent damage to the cell. Sealed battery systems require special care float charging should not be used and trickle charge rates should be strictly limited to the manufacturer s recommended values, since otherwise excessive cell temperatures or thermal runaway can result. 

In silver batteries, the silver oxide-zinc secondary batter has found its place in applications where energy delivered per unit of weight and space is of prime importance. The major disadvantages lie in their high cost and relatively short life. Consequently, a large pari of the silver battery market is concerned with defense and space components, See also Batteries. 

Batteries contain several voltaic cells in series and are classified as primary (e.g., alkaline, mercury, and silver), secondary (e.g., lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion), or fuel cell. Supplying electricity to a rechargeable (secondary) battery reverses the redox reaction, forming more reactant for further use. Fuel cells generate a current through the controlled oxidation of a fuel such as H2. 

Silver oxide/zinc can be manufactured in rechargeable cells with free potassium hydroxide electrolyte and pasted rectangular electrodes. Such cells are expensive but have a good energy density compared with Pb/acid or Ni/Cd (70 Wh kg ) and are also capable of high discharge rates for short periods. Other alkaline secondary batteries which have been manufactured include NiO(OH)/Zn, NiO(OH)/Fe and Ag2 0/Cd. 

Lander JJ, Weaver RD, Salkind AJ, Kelley JJ (1964) In Cooper JE, Fleischer A (eds) Characteristics of separators for alkaline silver oxide zinc secondary batteries. Screening methods. NASA Technical Report NAS 5-2860... 

The performance advantages of several types of lithium batteries compared with conventional primary and secondary batteries, are shown in Secs. 6.4 and 7.3. The advantage of the lithium cell is shown graphically in Figs. 7.2 to 7.9, which compare the performance of the various primary cells. Only the zinc/air, zinc/mercuric oxide, and zinc/silver oxide cells, which are noted for their high energy density, approach the capability of the lithium systems at 20°C. The zinc/air cell, however, is very sensitive to atmospheric conditions the others do not compare as favorably on a specific energy basis nor at lower temperatures. 

The charge retention of the activated and charged silver oxide cells is better than that of most secondary batteries, with retention of 85% of charge after 3 months storage at 20°C. 

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury-zinc, carbon-zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, silver oxide-zinc, zinc chloride Leclanche, zinc-air secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, sealed lead-acid, zinc-air, nickel-metal hydride secondary, lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-silver chromate, lithium-lead bismuthate. 

Primary batteries, carbon-zinc Leclanchd, magnesium types, lithium types, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, sealed lead-acid. 

Varta SpA, Via Teitulliano 70, 20137 Milan Primary batteries, zinc—alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury—zinc, carbon—zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, hthium types, silver oxide—zinc, zinc chloride Leclancti6, zinc—air, secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel—iron, nickel—cadmium, silver—zinc, silver—cadmium. 

Yuasa Battery Co. Ltd, 6-6 Josai-cho, Takatsukishi, Osaka-fii 569 also International Division, 12-112 Chome, Higashi-Shinbashi Minako-ku, Tokyo 105 Primary batteries, carbon-zinc Leclanchd, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, sealed lead-acid. Sodium-sulphur, lithium-manganese dioxide. 

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