Lead-acid secondary batteries advantages

Self-doped polyanilines are advantageous due to properties such as solubility, pH independence, redox activity and conductivity. These properties make them more promising in various applications such as energy conversion devices, sensors, electrochromic devices, etc. (see Chapter 1, section 1.6). Several studies have focused on the preparation of self-doped polyaniline nanostructures (i.e., nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanofilms, nanocomposites, etc.) and their applications. Buttry and Tor-resi et al. [51, 244, 245] prepared the nanocomposites from self-doped polyaniline, poly(N-propane sulfonic acid, aniline) and V2O5 for Li secondary battery cathodes. The self-doped polyaniline was used instead of conventional polyaniline to minimize the anion participation in the charge-discharge process and maximize the transport number of Li". In lithium batteries, it is desirable that only lithium cations intercalate into the cathode, because this leads to the use of small amounts of electrolyte... 

Despite the recent rapid development of secondary lithium ion/lithium polymer batteries, advanced technology development, designs, and fabrication processes are still being developed and introduced into the lead-acid battery industry. Table 1.1 shows the major advantages and disadvantages of lead-acid batteries. 

The same configuration of the hybrid Pb02/MHj. secondary battery has been applied with gel electrolytes instead of aqueous electrolyte (cf. Sections 11.7 and 11.9.1) [56] to solve some issues on conventional batteries maintenance cost and acid stratification for the lead-acid battery, high self-discharge and short life cycles for high current discharge for nickel-metal hydride battery. In addition, gel electrolytes offer advantages such as leak proof, maintenance-free and corrosion-free. 

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