Carbons lithium-ion batteries

Carbon materials which have the closest-packed hexagonal structures are used as the negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries carbon atoms on the (0 0 2) plane are linked by conjugated bonds, and these planes (graphite planes) are layered. The layer interdistance is more than 3.35 A and lithium ions can be intercalated and dein-tercalated. As the potential of carbon materials with intercalated lithium ions is low,... 

The seven papers in Chapter 6 are focused on cathode materials for lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Carbon is used as a conductive additive in composite electrodes for batteries. The type of carbon and the amount can have a large effect on the electrochemical performance of the electrode. 

Chen, S., et al., Chemical-free synthesis of graphene-carbon nanotube hybrid materials for reversible lithium storage in lithium-ion batteries. Carbon, 2012. 50(12) p. 4557-4565. 

Nethravathi, C., et ah, Hydrothermal synthesis of a monoclinic V02 nanotube-graphene hybrid for use as cathode material in lithium ion batteries. Carbon, 2012. 50(13) p. 4839-4846. 

Until now, in the field of lithium-ion batteries, carbon was investigated primarily as electroactive material for the negative electrode. It is therefore not surprising that several comprehensive reviews partly or entirely focusing on this particular field were published.12-22-95 98 In this chapter, some basic information on electroactive carbons for the negative electrode will be provided and recent developments in the field will be highlighted. For more detail on earlier works, the previous reviews and the primary literature listed here are recommended.12-22-95 98... 

Umeno T, Fukuda K, Wang H, Dimov N, Iwao T, Yoshio M. Novel anode material for lithium-ion batteries Carbon-coated silicon prepared by thermal vapor decomposition. Chem Lett 2001 30 1186-1187. 

A glance through the table of contents provides an overview of the issues commonly encountered by chemists in the automotive industry. The author discusses fuels cells, lithium ion batteries, carbon nanotubes, and nickel metal hydride technology, all of which requires the technical knowledge of a chemist but crosses the lines of various disciplines. He covers future technology including items such as battery technology, fuel cell membranes, and environmentally friendly plastics such as nylons that use castor oil as a primary component. 

Latorre-Sanchez, M., Atienzar, R, Abelian, G., Ruche, M., Femes, V., Ribera, A., and Garda, H. (2012). The synthesis of a hybrid graphene-nickel/manganese mixed oxide and its performance in lithium-ion batteries. Carbon, 50, pp. 518-525. 

Jang S-M, MiyawaM J, Tsuji M, Mochida I, Yoon S-H (2009) The preparation of a novel Si-CNF composite as an effective anodic material for lithium-ion batteries. Carbon 47 3383-3391... 

In lithium-ion batteries, carbon materials are in direct contact with the electro-l)de. Their surface structures therefore play an imporfanf role in fhe decomposition of elecfrolytes and interface stabilify, which include mainly the following factors ... 

Song, H.H., Chen, X.H., Zhang, S.Y, Gao, Y. 2002. Mesocarbon microbeads and its application on the negative electrode for lithium ion batteries. Carbon Tech. (Tansu Jishu) (1) 28-33. 

Wang X Y, Zhou XF, Yao K, Zhang JG, Liu ZP (2011) A Sn02/graphene cranposite as a high stability electrode for lithium ion batteries. Carbon 49 133-139... 

L2 Why is carbon a suitable candidate for the anode of a Lithium-ion Battery ... 

One criterion for the anode material is that the chemical potential of lithium in the anode host should be close to that of lithium metal. Carbonaceous materials are therefore good candidates for replacing metallic lithium because of their low cost, low potential versus lithium, and wonderful cycling performance. Practical cells with LiCoOj and carbon electrodes are now commercially available. Finding the best carbon for the anode material in the lithium-ion battery remains an active research topic. 

The work presented in this chapter involves the study of high capacity carbonaceous materials as anodes for lithium-ion battery applications. There are hundreds and thousands of carbonaceous materials commercially available. Lithium can be inserted reversibly within most of these carbons. In order to prepare high capacity carbons for hthium-ion batteries, one has to understand the physics and chemistry of this insertion. Good understanding will ultimately lead to carbonaceous materials with higher capacity and better performance. 

Carbons deseribed in sections 3 and 5 have already been used in practical lithium-ion batteries. We review and briefly describe these earbon materials in seetion 6 and make a few coneluding remarks. 

Graphitic carbon is now used as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries produced by Moli Energy (1990) Ltd., Matsushita, Sanyo and A+T battery. It is important to understand how the structures and properties of graphitic carbons affect the intercalation of lithium within them. 

In lithium-ion battery applications, it is important to reduce the cost of electrode materials as much as possible. In this section, we will discuss hard carbons with high capacity for lithium, prepared from phenolic resins. It is also our goal, to collect further evidence supporting the model in Fig. 24. 

Chapter 11 reports the use of carbon materials in the fast growing consumer eleetronies applieation of lithium-ion batteries. The principles of operation of a lithium-ion battery and the mechanism of Li insertion are reviewed. The influence of the structure of carbon materials on anode performance is described. An extensive study of the behavior of various carbons as anodes in Li-ion batteries is reported. Carbons used in commereial Li-ion batteries are briefly reviewed. 

There are many kinds of carbon materials, with different crystallinity. Their crystallinity generally develops due to heat-treatment in a gas atmosphere ("soft" carbon). However, there are some kinds of carbon ("hard" carbon) in which it is difficult to develop this cristallinity by the heat-treatment method. Both kinds of carbon materials are used as the negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries. 

Both hard and soft carbons are used as negative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Hard carbon is made by heat-treating organic polymer materials such as phenol resin. The heat-treatment tempera-... 

Polyacene is classified as a material which does not belong to either soft or hard carbons [84], It is also made by heat-treatment of phenol resin. As the heat-treatment temperature is lower than about 1000 °C, polyacene contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms. It has a conjugated plane into which lithium ions are doped. It was reported that the discharge capacity of polyacene is more than 1000 mAhg. However, there are no practical lithium-ion batteries using polyacene. 

In general, lithium-ion batteries are assembled in the discharged state. That is, the cathode, for example LqCoC, is filly intercalated by lithium, while the anode (carbon) is completely empty (not charged by lithium). In the first charge the anode is polarized in the negative direction (electrons are inserted into the carbon) and lithium cations leave the cathode, enter the solution, and are inserted into the carbon anode. This first charge process is very complex. On the basis of many reports it is presented schematically [6, 74, 76] in Fig. 5. The reactions presented in Fig. 5 are also discussed in Sec. 6.2.1, 6.2.2 and 6.3.5. 

It was concluded [93, 94J that, on long cycling of the lithium-ion battery, the passivating layer on the carbon anode becomes thicker and more resistive, and is responsible, in part, for capacity loss. 

In lithium-ion batteries, with carbonaceous anodes, (7IK can be lowered by decreasing the true surface area of the carbon, using pure carbon and electrolyte, applying high current density at the beginning of the first charge, and using appropriate electrolyte combinations. 

Unfortunately, both lithium and the lithiated carbons used as the anode in lithium ion batteries (Li C, l>x>0) are thermodynamically unstable relative to solvent molecules containing polar bonds such as C-O, C-N, or C-S, and to many anions of lithium salts, solvent or salt impurities (such as water, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen), and intentionally added traces of reactive substances (additives). 

The need for better performing and secure anodic materials in lithium-ion batteries compared with those based on carbon, has boosted research in various domains. Lithium/post-transition element (Al, Si, Sn, Sb...) binary systems have been widely investigated. Owing to the numerous intermetallic compounds that... 

---