Vegetable oil composition

Vitamin E, a natural antioxidant, is essential for growth, disease prevention, tissue integrity and reproduction in all fauna. Natural vitamin E, as it occurs in plants, consists mainly of a-tocopherol (III, R = H) with minor amounts of y-tocopherol (IV), although this ratio can vary as for example in the vegetable oil composition shown in Fig. 5a. In animal husbandry, such as dairy farms or cattle feed lots, the stock diets are commonly supplemented with vitamin E, because processed grain-based cereal fodder, hay, and silage are deficient in vitamin This results in higher levels of a-tocopherol... 

Overall, DSC is an excellent method to measure the wax appearance and crystallization temperatures of vegetable oils. Due to the complexity of the vegetable oil composition with respect to their FA distribution, the situation is not as simple as pure triacylglycerol molecules. Moreover, there is significant influence of the nature, relative abundance, and orientation of C=C bonds on the wax appearance temperatures. Further, presence of other saturated short-chain-length FAs in vegetable oil structure is found to affect the crystallization process. Statistical analysis of NMR-derived vegetable oil structure support the influence of several predictor variables associated with FA unsaturation on the crystalhzation process. 

Most vegetable oils (and animal fats and oils) have the triglyceride structure. Fig. 6.8, as tri-esters derived from glycerol and fatty, carboxylic, acids. The fatty acids are almost always straight chains containing between 8 and 22 carbon atoms and may be saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated. Vegetable oil compositions are normally described in terms of their fatty acid content, referring to the acid ester moieties actual fatty acids present in the oil are known as free fatty acids. 

The modification of vegetable oil composition involves, on the one hand, a reduction in the saturated FA concentration. This was achieved by DuPont, which reduced the concentration of these acids in soybean oil from 15% to less than 4% by suppressing the activity of a type 11 acetyl-ACP thioesterase (Kinney, 1996). The other direction of genetic modifications leads to an increase in the concentration of the unsaturated FA in oils. For example, greater unsaturated FA concentrations in canola seed oil (from 68% to 83%) were obtained by suppressing the activity of the... 

An experiment describing the analysis of the triglyc eride composition of several vegetable oils is described in the May 1988 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education (pp 464-466)... 

Com oil s flavor, color, stabiHty, retained clarity at refrigerator temperatures, polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, and vitamin E content make it a premium vegetable oil. The major uses are frying or salad appHcations (50%) and margarine formulations (35%). 

Palm kernel oil [8023-79-8] obtained from the nuts of the palm tree, is another frequently utilized vegetable oil and is somewhat similar in properties and composition to coconut oil (see Table 1). 

Palm oil[8002-75-3] is derived from the fleshy fmit of the palm tree rather than the nut as with palm kernel oil. Palm oil has a longer chain length distribution than palm kernel oil and provides properties and compositions more similar to tallow than to other vegetable oils (see Table 1). 

Imitation whole egg having a low cholesterol content contains egg white as a base nonfat milk and vegetable oil, substituting for egg yolk, are added to give a composition similar to whole egg. These are in frozen, Hquid, or dried forms. 

For some time worldwide a systematic and large expansion of vegetable oil production has been occurring, especially in southeastern Asia in 1990 the consumption of fats amounted to about 80 million tons. Eighty percent was used as food, 6% as feed, but 14%—more than 14 million metric tons—was used for industrial purposes. By the year 2000 the world fat production will have risen to over 100 million tons [3]. Also, in the future the oleo chemistry will have a broad and reliable raw materials basis. Tables 3 and 4 give information on the present and future production of important fats and fatty oils and the composition of the fatty acid mixtures that can be derived from these fats. 

PTLC was used to enrich the polar fraction of deep-fried potato chips and vegetable oils used in industrial frying operahons. After PTLC, capillary GC, GC-MS, and NMR were used to quantify sterols and sterol oxides in fried-potato products, as well as the composition of sterols in the oil used for frying [72]. 

The ester class also comprises natural oils, such as vegetable oil [75] spent sunflower oil [940,941,992,993] and natural fats, for example, sulfonated flsh fat [161]. In water-based mud systems no harmful foams are formed from partially hydrolyzed glycerides of predominantly unsaturated Ci6 to C24 fatty acids. The partial glycerides can be used at low temperatures and are biodegradable and nontoxic [1280]. A composition for high-temperature applications is available [1818]. It is a mixture of long chain polyesters and polyamides. 

In contrast, parenteral suspensions have relatively low solids contents, usually between 0.5 and 5%, with the exception of insoluble forms of penicillin in which concentrations of the antibiotic may exceed 30%. These sterile preparations are designed for intramuscular, intradermal, intralesional, intraarticular, or subcutaneous injection. Syringeability is an important factor to be taken into consideration with injectable dosage forms. The viscosity of a parenteral suspension should be sufficiently low to facilitate injection. Common suspending vehicles include preserved isotonic saline solution or a parenterally acceptable vegetable oil. Ophthalmic and optic suspensions that are instilled into the eye/ear must also be prepared in a sterile manner. The vehicles are essentially isotonic and aqueous in composition. The reader should refer to Chapter 12 for further discussion on parenteral products. 

In Japan, the standard Eco Mark Product Category No. 102 Printing Ink Version 2.6 [26] sets on a voluntary basis standards for an environmentally friendly composition of printing inks. Since introduction of this standard in 1997, more than 90% of all offset inks in Japan were reformulated to inks free from aromatic compounds ( white oil ). To fulfil the above-mentioned standard, the inks should be based on vegetable oils. They should not contain more than 1 vol.% of aromatic hydrocarbons ( white oils ). Additionally, sheet-fed offset inks should not contain more than 30% of crude oil-based solvents and not more than 3% VOC. Web offset inks should contain no more than 45% crude oil solvents (which seems not really to be a progress in comparison to typical standard inks). By the way, it is expected from vegetable oil-based inks that the print products are as deinkable as conventional mineral oil-based offset inks. 

Biologically degradable rubbers can be produced from relatively cheap renewable resources such as vegetable oils and fatty acids. Due to the abundance in fatty acid compositions, many different biorubbers can be manufactured, having their own specific properties. Based on these types of rubber, several commercially interesting applications, e.g. consumables, are now being developed. 

Table 1.3 Fatty acid percentage composition of some fresh vegetable oils and of animal lipids... 

Nevertheless, there are some vegetable oils that have a very specific composition. For example, castor oil consists of large amounts (83 89%) of 12-hydroxy-(Z)-9-octadecenoic acid (ricinoleic acid) which is not found in other natural lipids [21]. Ricinoleic acid produces a very characteristic oxidation product, 9,12-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid [43], and both of these compounds can be considered as specific biomarkers for castor oil and have been used to assess its presence in ceramic lamps [43] and mummification balms [23]. 

This section details the mass specta of reference molecular constituents and of various substances including waxes and vegetable oils that were recently investigated in order to establish comprehensive correlation between the mass spectra obtained on archaeological and museum samples and the main organic materials involved in their composition. 

Munition grade agents typically consist of at least one malodorant agent (10-90%) and an odor intensifier (0.5-5%) dissolved in a liquid carrier. Solvents include volatile hydrocarbons, plant/vegetable oils, and water. Solvents typically pose minimal toxic hazards themselves. Compositions are typically colorless to yellow liquids. As the agent ages and decomposes it may discolor and become brown. 

Z. Wu, R.P. Rodgers and A.G. Marshall, Characterization of vegetable oils Detailed compositional fingerprints derived from electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52 (2004) 5322-5328. 

All of the studies were conducted with weanling, male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (Holtzman company). The basal diet used for these studies consisted of casein, starch, vegetable oil, vitamin and mineral mixtures, and cellulose. The Wesson Modification of the Osborne-Mendel mineral mixture was used in all studies. This mineral mixture contained no zinc, but it was adequate in the other minerals required by the rat. Most of the non-zinc-supplemented diets used in the various experiments contained approximately 7 ppm zinc. The level of mineral mixture used in the basal diets was 4%, and based on the chemical composition of the mixture, the basal diets contained approximately 0.57% calcium and 0.41% phosphorus ... 

In polymer applications derivatives of oils and fats, such as epoxides, polyols and dimerizations products based on unsaturated fatty acids, are used as plastic additives or components for composites or polymers like polyamides and polyurethanes. In the lubricant sector oleochemically-based fatty acid esters have proved to be powerful alternatives to conventional mineral oil products. For home and personal care applications a wide range of products, such as surfactants, emulsifiers, emollients and waxes, based on vegetable oil derivatives has provided extraordinary performance benefits to the end-customer. Selected products, such as the anionic surfactant fatty alcohol sulfate have been investigated thoroughly with regard to their environmental impact compared with petrochemical based products by life-cycle analysis. Other product examples include carbohydrate-based surfactants as well as oleochemical based emulsifiers, waxes and emollients. 

Table 13.3 Composition of vegetable oils studied in the present work8... 

Barium hydroxide is used to produce barium soaps which are additives for high temperature lubricants. Other chemical applications include refining of vegetable oils vulcanization of synthetic rubber in drilling fluids in corrosion inhibitors as an ingredient in sealing compositions in plastics stabilizers for softening water and to prepare other alkalies. 

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