Vitamin natural

Vitamins. The preparation of heat-sensitive natural and synthetic vitamins (qv) involves solvent extraction. Natural vitamins A and D are extracted from fish Hver oils and vitamin E from vegetable oils (qv) Hquid propane [74-98-6] is the solvent. In the synthetic processes for vitamins A, B, C, and E, solvent extraction is generally used either in the separation steps for intermediates or in the final purification. 

In nature, vitamin A aldehyde is produced by the oxidative cleavage of P-carotene by 15,15 - P-carotene dioxygenase. Alternatively, retinal is produced by oxidative cleavage of P-carotene to P-apo-S -carotenal followed by cleavage at the 15,15 -double bond to vitamin A aldehyde (47). Carotenoid biosynthesis and fermentation have been extensively studied both ia academic as well as ia iadustrial laboratories. On the commercial side, the focus of these iavestigations has been to iacrease fermentation titers by both classical and recombinant means. 

Bioassays are based on the growth response of vitamin-depleted rats or chicks to graded amounts of vitamin B 2 added in the diet. These assays are not specific for vitamin B 2 because factors, other than vitamin B 2 present in biological materials, produce a growth response. Because coen2yme primary form of natural vitamin 2 is light sensitive, assays should be carried out in subdued light. 

Fish-hver oil, Hver, milk, and eggs are good natural sources of the D vitamin. Most milk sold in the United States is fortified with manufactured vitamin D. Fish oil is the only commercial source of natural vitamin D, and the content of the vitamin varies according to species as well as geographically, ie, Adantic cod contain 100 lU/g where lU (International Unit) = 0.025 /ig of vitamin D, whereas oriental tuna (Percomofpk) contain 45,000 lU/g oil. 

Aside from chemical methods, several patents have appeared on the biochemical production of natural vitamin from callus tissue cultures (41). 

In addition, a patent has appeared which describes the concentration and purification of natural vitamin from deodorizer distillates (42). The... 

The variation in the antiscorbutic activity displayed by the various analogs of L-ascorbic acid makes it abundantly clear that the activity is dependent upon the stereochemical configuration of the molecule as a whole, and it would appear that the more closely the structure of a particular analog approaches that of the natural Vitamin C the greater will be the antiscorbutic power. Support for this view is illustrated by 6-desoxy-L-ascorbic acid which is obtained from L-sorbose.2 -80 Condensation of L-sorbose with acetone gives a mixture of 2,3-isopropylidene-L-sorbose (LII) and the diisopropylidene derivative. Treatment of LII with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride yields l,6-ditosyl-2,3-isopropylidene-L-sorbose (LIII). The greater reactivity of the tosyl group at C6 enables... 

Vitamin E, a natural antioxidant, is essential for growth, disease prevention, tissue integrity and reproduction in all fauna. Natural vitamin E, as it occurs in plants, consists mainly of a-tocopherol (III, R = H) with minor amounts of y-tocopherol (IV), although this ratio can vary as for example in the vegetable oil composition shown in Fig. 5a. In animal husbandry, such as dairy farms or cattle feed lots, the stock diets are commonly supplemented with vitamin E, because processed grain-based cereal fodder, hay, and silage are deficient in vitamin This results in higher levels of a-tocopherol... 

Retinoids are a family of naturally occurring and synthetic analogues of vitamin A. The skin of subjects deficient in vitamin A becomes hyperplastic and keratotic (phrynoderma, or toad skin). While natural vitamin A is occasionally employed therapeutically, synthetic retinoids are more effective and represent a major advance in dermatological pharmacotherapy. Retinoids have myriad effects on cellular differentiation and proliferation it is likely that nuclear retinoic acid receptors mediate these effects by activating gene expression in a manner analogous to receptors for steroid hormones and thyroid hormones. Despite a common mechanism of action, however, retinoids vary widely in their physiological effects. 

Vitamin K is a fat soluble vitamin found primarily in leafy green vegetables. There are two normal forms exist, Kj found in food (called phytona-dione), found in human tissue (synthesized by intestinal bacteria) known as menaquinone. The synthetic compound is known as Kg. Synthetic analogues of natural vitamin also show biological activity. Most of the vitamin K is synthesized by intestinal microorganisms and there is a risk of vitamin K deficiency in new born infants. 

The main effect of efferent action of Hepamal preparation is inhibition of LPO processes, increase of antioxidative abiUty of the organism and stimulation of enzymes of the organism s detoxication system. These activities are stipulated by natural vitamin complexes (A, E, PP, C, 6-carotenes, foUc acid) present in Hepamal, which have high antioxidative potential, whereas flavonoids and terpenoids, also present in the preparation, stimulate both detoxication phases. 

Individual functional groups attached to a partially or fully reduced pyran ring behave much as expected of their aliphatic equivalents but there is often a quantitative difference in their reactivity which enables selective reactions to be carried out on polysubstituted compounds. Many examples of this are known in the tocopherol series which are the most important members of the chroman family. Since they are known by trivial names, these are shown with their structures (674). The most important tocopherol is natural vitamin E or a-tocopherol the four natural tocopherols have 7 -configuration at each of their asymmetric centres at C-2, C-4 and C-8. ... 

Benefits A source of natural vitamin C that has been used... 

Supplemental vitamins shall originate from geminated grains, fish liver oil, or brewing yeast. When natural vitamin sources cannot be provided, synthesized vitamin products can be used if they are approved by OFDC. 

One very useful feature of the regulations is the inclusion of a detailed list of permitted feed ingredients (see Chapter 4, this volume). More countries should follow the New Zealand example. The minerals and trace elements used in animal feeding have to be of natural origin or, failing that, synthetic in the same form as natural products. Synthetic vitamins identical to natural vitamins are allowed. Roughage, fresh or dried, or silage must be added to the daily ration for poultry but the quantity is not specified. 

Under the denomination of vitamin E are collected eight different isomers that are present in nature and particularly in oils commonly used as food, The synthetic vitamin E is the all racemic a-tocopherol (ART), whereas the natural vitamin E is the RRR a-tocopherol (RRRT). 

In case LDL oxidation is considered as an important risk factor, the dosage of vitamin E may be important to determine a clinical effect. However, with respect to inhibition of protein kinase-C and the release of proinflammatory cytokines the intracellular transfer of RRRT (natural vitamin E) by the tocopherol-associated protein may be a crucial point. Consequently, natural vitamin E is considered more effective than the synthetic one. Since the activity on LDL oxidation was pointed out as important for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, most of the long-term trials with vitamin E were conducted at dosages >200 mg/day (about 200 lU/d). In a recent meta-analysis the association of plasma levels and mortality was studied in 1168 elderly European men and women (25). No association was found between the plasma concentration and all-cause or cause-specific mortality. 

It appears that the old trials end up with some positive results and the more recent do not show any real advantage in using vitamin E (26), The dosage of vitamin E and also the type of vitamin varied considerably. In the two studies with positive results, the natural vitamin E (RRRT) was more effective. 

L-Sorbose plays an important part as an intermediate in the synthesis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Reichstein and Griissner100 achieved this synthesis by the oxidation of 2,3 4,6-diisopropylidene-L-sorbose (XLVI) to the corresponding keto-L-gulonic acid derivative (XLVII), which gave 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (XLVIII) on hydrolysis. Isomerization produced ascorbic acid identical with the natural vitamin. 

The manufacture of a processed Helianthus tuberosus product, characterized by the addition of natural oily vitamin E, is described. This provides a tableted product that can be easily prepared in desired amounts by diabetics. The tablets are preferably obtained by slicing, drying, and pulverizing H. tuberosus tubers and adding citric acid to the powder, and then the natural vitamin E in an amount of about 0.03 wt%. 

The differentiation of epithelial tissue, growth, reproduction and the process of sight are dependent, in mammals and in humans, on an adequate provision of vitamin A. Ensuring this provision is therefore of great importance for nutrition and health in man. Via the vitaminization of animal feedstuff, which ensures healthy animal stocks, the vitamins additionally contribute to the provision of man with adequate and high quality foodstuffs. The vitamin demand arising therefrom could only be covered by synthetically produced products identical to the natural vitamin, a fact which gave a commercial stimulus to the development of industrial production processes. 

Is Synthetic Vitamin C as Good as the Natural Vitamin A claim put forth by some purveyors of health foods is that vitamins obtained from natural sources are more healthful than those obtained by chemical synthesis. For example, pure L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) extracted from rose hips is better than pure L-ascorbic acid manufactured in a chemical plant. Are the vitamins from the two sources different Can the body distinguish a vitamin s source ... 

Natural vitamin C comes from foods we eat, especially citrus fruits. Synthetic vitamin C is made in a laboratory. Why do the prices of natural and synthetic products often differ Make a list to show the pros and cons of vitamins from natural and synthetic sources. 

The structural formula of Figure 9-1 shows the unsaturated character of vitamin A. The all-rrans form is the most active biologically. The 13-cis isomer is known as neovitamin A its biological activity is only about 75 percent of that of the all-trans form. The amount of neo-vitamin A in natural vitamin A preparations is about one-third of the... 

Vitamin K is a dietary component essential for the normal biosynthesis of several factors required for clotting of blood. Vitamin Ki (phylloqui-none, phytonadione) is a 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, and is the only natural vitamin available for therapeutic use. Vitamin K2 represents a series of compounds (the menaquinones, MK) in which the phytyl side-... 

Sivakumar, G. Bacchetta, L. Gatti, R. Zappa, G. 2005. FIPLC screening of natural vitamin E from mediterranean plant biofactories - a basic tool for pilot-scale bioreactors production of alpha-tocopherot. J. Plant Physiol. 162 1280-1283. 

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