Isotone saline solution

In contrast, parenteral suspensions have relatively low solids contents, usually between 0.5 and 5%, with the exception of insoluble forms of penicillin in which concentrations of the antibiotic may exceed 30%. These sterile preparations are designed for intramuscular, intradermal, intralesional, intraarticular, or subcutaneous injection. Syringeability is an important factor to be taken into consideration with injectable dosage forms. The viscosity of a parenteral suspension should be sufficiently low to facilitate injection. Common suspending vehicles include preserved isotonic saline solution or a parenterally acceptable vegetable oil. Ophthalmic and optic suspensions that are instilled into the eye/ear must also be prepared in a sterile manner. The vehicles are essentially isotonic and aqueous in composition. The reader should refer to Chapter 12 for further discussion on parenteral products. 

NaCl solution has a freezing point depression of 0.576°C. What is the percentage concentration of NaCl required to make isotonic saline solution ... 

Johnson and colleagues made a provocative observation in the course of exploratory preclinical toxicological studies of vincristine, namely, that folinic acid (Leucovorin citrovorum factor 5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahy-drofolic acid) was able to protect mice from the toxicity of high doses of vincristine lb). Vincristine, at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg administered intravenously, resulted in a mortality of 90% over a period of 30 days, but treatment with folinic acid lowered the mortality to 25%. The protection against vincristine toxicity did not occur when folic acid was substituted for folinic acid. A report has appeared (45) indicating that there is no specific protective effect of folinic acid against vincristine toxicity in mice and that the protection can be observed by comparable treatment with isotonic saline solution. As discussed in Section Vll, there is not conclusive evidence that folinic acid is able to ameliorate vincristine toxicity in humans (46). 

It is a uniform suspension of diphtheria and tetanus toxoid adsorbed on aluminium phosphate and suspended in isotonic saline solution. 

An isotonic saline solution contains 0.9% NaCl in water... 

The amount of NaCl needed to make 15 mL of a plain isotonic saline solution is ... 

Sterile, pyrogen-free isotonic saline solution (Steriflex Boots Co., Nottingham, UK). 

Rats are anaesthetized and fixed in supine position on a temperature-controlled heating plate to maintain body temperature. The left carotid artery and the right jugular vein are catheterized with short polyethylene catheters. The catheters are filled with isotonic saline solution and clamped. The two ends of the catheters are... 

Anaesthetized rats are fixed in supine position on a temperature-controlled (37 °C) heating-table. Following catheterization of a carotid artery (for measurement of blood pressure) and a jugular vein, the test compound is administered. After a defined latency period, the tail of the rat is transected with a razor-blade mounted on a self-constructed device at a distance of 4 mm from the tip of the tail. Immediately after transection, the tail is immersed into a bath filled with isotonic saline solution (37 °C). 

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovax 23 and Pnu-Immune 23) is a mixture of highly purified capsular polysaccharides from 23 of the most prevalent or invasive types of S. pneumoniae seen in the Umted States. Serotypes included are 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V lOA, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F. These 23 types represent 85% to 90% of all blood isolates and 85% of pneumococcal isolates from other generally sterile sites seen in the United States. The vaccine is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously as a single 0.5-mL dose. Each 0.5-mL dose of vaccine contains 25 meg of each polysaccharide type dissolved in isotonic saline solution (for a total of 575 meg polysaccharide) and 0.25% phenol as preservative. Significant cross-reactivity with other pneumococcal capsular antigens not represented in the vaccine does not... 

A stopped-flow rapid-reaction apparatus was used to measure the time course of pH changes in human erythrocyte suspensions. In one set of experiments a red cell suspension at pH 72 was mixed with an isotonic saline solution whose pH had been adjusted to a value between 2.1 and 10.4. Analysis of the results enabled computation of erythrocyte hydroxyl ion permeability as a function of pH. Further experiments were then performed in which erythrocyte suspensions at low pco2 were mixed with bicarbonate solutions at high pco2- Analysis revealed that C02 equilibrium in the mixture was reached quickly, but pH equilibrium was delayed. Evaluation of the results indicates that variation in red cell OH permeability with pH is not compatible with a simple fixed-charge hypothesis of membrane permselectivity, and the uncatalyzed hydration-dehydration of C02 in extracellular fluid is required to produce pH equilibration after blood-gas exchange. 

Thus, time of water exposure prior to challenging platelets is probably important, but the matter needs further study. Our tests suggest that increasing the hydrophobic side group length increases platelet retention in these experiments surfaces were exposed to isotonic saline solution for less... 

Ans. A medical dictionary states that an isotonic saline solution is a 0.92% NaCl w/v solution. We need to weigh out 0.92 g of NaCI and dissolve it in enough distilled water so that the final solution volume is 100 mL (not grams). 

So why do some ionic EAPs contract The movement of the ions of the electrolyte comes into play, but to exploit contraction, the placement of the electrodes is also very important. If contraction, rather than bending is desired, the negative electrode is placed external to the EAP, while the positive electrode remains internal (embedded) in the EAP (Fig. 4.5). In the case of the contractile EAP composed of PMA, the ions along the main polymer chains are weak acetic acid groups. The electrolytic solution typically used to swell the gel and provide for good electroactivity is a dilute sodium chloride solution, such as isotonic saline solution. When the electric input is applied to the PMA EAP based actuator with this electrode configuration, the EAP of the actuator contracts quickly and substantially. In selected EAP formulations, when the polarity is reversed, expansion occurs, and contraction and expansion can be cycled repeatedly in selected PMA based EAP materials and actuators [3, 5]. 

OK - you say to yourself, while composing your thoughts - isotonic saline solution, that is, 0.9% solution of sodium chloride, NaCl, in water. And - from the days of... 

We have performed in vitro experiments in order to understand the diffusion of such chemical agents through the skin. We use our model with a cellophane semipermeable membrane that mimics the skin, with isotonic saline solution in the compartment under the membrane (see Fig. 4.12). 

Several buffers have been studied at 25° C in isotonic saline (solutions adjusted to 7=0.16 by adding NaCl). In such solutions, equimolal ratios of Tris and Tris-HCl (each 0.05 m) gave a pH of 8.225, while for Bis-tris and Bis-tris-HCl (each 0.05 m) it was 6.647. Acetic acid (0.05 m) and sodium acetate (0.05 m) gave pH 4.637, and for 0.05 m KH2 citrate it was 3.683 (Durst, 1970). All values are within 0.005 pH units of predictions from the NaCl-free solutions, using the Debye-Hiickel equation. 

The series resistance of a glass microelectrode is generally quite high. If isotonic saline solution (0.1 5n) is used as the electrolyte, a typical glass electrode will exhibit a series resistance of the order of 1000 MQ. Such a resistance would cause too high a voltage drop with respect to the usual input impedance values of microelectrode preamplifiers (see Chapter 7 on preamplifiers). For this reason, 2 or 3n KCl solution is used to fill the electrode lumen. This results in an electrode series resistance of 50 to 100 MQ. 

The cyclotron is the only practical source of many carrier-free radioisotopes. The preparation and radiocheixiical isolation of a number of these activities, produced in the 60-inch cyclotron of Crocker Laboratory, will be presented in this paper and in subsequent papers of this series. Most of the carrier-free radioisotopes discussed here were prepared for use in biological systems and the final preparations were in the form of isotonic saline solutions at a range of pH from 5 to 8. 

Intravenous solutions—those that are administered directly into a patient s veins— must have osmotic pressures equal to those of body fluids. These solutions are called isosmotic (or isotonic). When a patient is given an IV in a hospital, the majority of the fluid is usually an isosmotic saline solution—a solution containing 0.9 g NaCl per 100 mL of solution. In medicine and in other health-related fields, solution concentrations are often reported in units that indicate the mass of the solute per given volume of solution. Also common is percent mass to volume— which is the mass of the solute in grams divided by the volume of the solution in milliUters times 100%. In these units, the concentration of an isotonic saline solution is 0.9% mass/volume. 

Figure 3. Compression stress-strain curves (left) of two samples with the same MMA/AA ratio (74/26) but different S/L ratio (1 54/46 2 32/68), and tensile stress-strain curves (right) of one sample (S/L = 59/41, MMA/AA = 74/26) tested before and after 7 days immersion in isotonic saline solution.

Methods o Investigation.—Early work on tissue metabolism was carried out by means of extracts or suspensions of comminuted material. This has been replaced by the tiaaiie-slice technique developed by Warburg and others, in which thin sections of fresh tissue are suspended in isotonic saline solutions containing various substrates. Under these conditions the structure of the tissue is preserved, and the cells remain active for several hours. 

Aqueous solutions introduced into the bloodstream by injection must have the same osmotic pressure as blood that is, they must be isotonic with blood. At 25°C, the average osmotic pressure of blood is 7.7 atm. What is the molarity of an isotonic saline solution (NaCl in H2O) Recall that NaCl is an electrolyte assume complete conversion to Na and Cl ions. 

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