Plant/vegetable oils

Munition grade agents typically consist of at least one malodorant agent (10-90%) and an odor intensifier (0.5-5%) dissolved in a liquid carrier. Solvents include volatile hydrocarbons, plant/vegetable oils, and water. Solvents typically pose minimal toxic hazards themselves. Compositions are typically colorless to yellow liquids. As the agent ages and decomposes it may discolor and become brown. 

Fats, also termed as triacylglycerols are esters of fatty acids with glycerol e.g., Plants-vegetable oils Animals-ghee and butter. 

The fatty acid cw-vaccenate is a minor constituent of most plant vegetable oils, but some plants contain significant amounts (4,5). One proposal for its biosynthesis is presented in Figure 2. Because the double bond is at the 11-12 position, this fatty acid represents an alternative for production of undecanoate derivatives (5), one of the important products derived from ricinoleate (1,2). As a result of the shift in double bond position, it may also be susceptible to desaturation by the acyl-CoA A9 desaturase, producing cis-9, cis-ll CLA. Currently, there is limited research on the... 

There are various ways to classify polymers. A simple way is to distinguish polymers with respect to their origin in synthetic and natural polymers. Natural polymeric materials such as shellac, cellulose, and natural rubber have been used for centuries. Natural polymers are a class of polymers derived from renewable biomass sources, such as plants, vegetable oil, com starch, pea starch. Generally, natural polymers (or biopolymers) are used after modification reactions. Some biopolymers are designed to biodegrade. Table 2.1.1 and Fig. 2.1.1 give examples of natural polymers and modified natural polymers. 

TRT-ETGO Proposed plant Vegetable oil 100 Bdcancour Quebec... 

Oilseed bioreftnery Oilseed crops and oil plants Vegetable oils and biodiesels... 

With the beginning of the industrial revolution around 1800, oil became increasingly important for lubrication and better illumination. Expensive vegetable oils were replaced by sperm whale oil [8002-24-2], which soon became scarce and its price skyrocketed. In 1850 lubrication oil was extracted from coal and oil shale (qv) in England, and ultimately about 130 plants in Great Britain and 64 plants in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky employed this process. 

Although vegetable oils usually contain a higher proportion of nnsatnrated fatty acids than do animal oils and fats, several plant oils are actually high in saturated fats. Palm oil is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids and particularly high in (saturated) palmitic acid (whence the name palmitic). Coconut oil is particularly high in lanric and myristic acids (both saturated) and contains very few nnsatnrated fatty acids. 

Flaky piecrusts used to contain lard, or at least butter. Solid fats are important in baking, as they separate sheets of dough into thin, independent flakes. Traditional solid fats are animal-derived saturated fats, such as lard and butter. Some vegetable fats, such as coconut and palm kernel oils, are solid, but they are more expensive than some liquid vegetable oils like corn oil, cottonseed oil, or soybean oil. These oils come from plants that are used for more than just the oil they provide. Using several different parts of the plant makes growing them more economical. 

Tan, Y.A., Low, K.S., and Chong, C.L., Rapid determination of chlorophylls in vegetable oils by laser-based fluorometry, J. Sci. Food Agric., 66, 479, 1994. Bhattacharya, D. and Medlin, L., Algal phylogeny and the origin of land plants, Plant Physiol., 116, 9, 1998. 

Traditionally, dried or powdered plant material is used and extracts can be obtained by mixing the material with food-grade solvents like dichloromethane or acetone followed by washing, concentration, and solvent removal. The result is an oily product that may contain variable amounts of pheophytins and other chlorophyll degradation compounds usually accompanied by lipid-soluble substances like carotenoids (mainly lutein), carotenes, fats, waxes, and phospholipids, depending on the raw material and extraction techniques employed. This product is usually marketed as pheophytin after standardization with vegetable oils. 

Lipid-soluble food grade copper chlorophyll is manufactured similarly by extraction of adequate plant material, followed by replacement of magnesium by copper, and purihcation steps to remove carotenoids, waxes, sterols, oils, and other minor components that are co-extracted. Commercial copper chlorophylls may vary physically, ranging from viscous resins to fluid dilutions in edible oils as well as granulated forms and emulsions standardized with edible vegetable oil. Colors may vary... 

Working with an established Tier 1 supplier Houghton International, Ford selected a two-phase metalworking lubricant/coolant based on vegetable oil. In trials at the Dagenham Engine Plant Ford foimd many benefits ... 

Use of renewable feedstocks is most likely where they can compete economically with petrochemically derived materials. This already happens in many areas, and it is sometimes forgotten that even in a world that seems to be dominated by chemicals and materials from fossil carbon and other non-renewable sources, industry already uses annually 19.8 MT of vegetable oils, 22.5 MT starch, 28.4 MT of plant fibres and 42.5 MT of wood pulp. These all compete on price and performance with synthetic alternatives. 

Crop plants provide 70% of the food for the world s population and in addition produce vegetable oils and valuable raw materials for industrial processes. 

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