Personal care applications

In polymer applications derivatives of oils and fats, such as epoxides, polyols and dimerizations products based on unsaturated fatty acids, are used as plastic additives or components for composites or polymers like polyamides and polyurethanes. In the lubricant sector oleochemically-based fatty acid esters have proved to be powerful alternatives to conventional mineral oil products. For home and personal care applications a wide range of products, such as surfactants, emulsifiers, emollients and waxes, based on vegetable oil derivatives has provided extraordinary performance benefits to the end-customer. Selected products, such as the anionic surfactant fatty alcohol sulfate have been investigated thoroughly with regard to their environmental impact compared with petrochemical based products by life-cycle analysis. Other product examples include carbohydrate-based surfactants as well as oleochemical based emulsifiers, waxes and emollients. 

We were successful earlier in achieving anioiuc/cationic complexes with glycosaminoglycans, e.g., hyaluronic acid/cationic polysaccharide compositions [44], now used in personal care applications. Those compositions are substantive, stable and user-friendly. Unfortunately, despite the highly anionic nature of hyaluronic acid (and other glycosaminoglycans), these materials do not block viral infections [39]. Furthermore, as shown by the in vivo rabbit irritation studies, such compositions displayed minimal irritation [13]. 

Poly(ethylene oxide) resins are safely used in numerous pharmaceutical and personal-care applications. Poly(ethylene oxide) resins show a low order toxicity in animal studies by all routes of exposure. Because of their high molecular weight, they are poorly adsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and completely... 

Deteigents and Lotions. The addition of PEO provides a silky feel to solid and liquid products. This unique lubricious property has been successfully exploited in formulation of razor strips (169) and in shampoos, deteigents, and other personal-care applications. Formulations are available from the manufacturers. 

Applications. LAS has many uses, but is used predominantly in cleansing applications, mainly laundry products and hard surface cleaners. The use of LAS in personal care applications was almost totally phased out by 2004. 

As a class of surfactant, sulphonated methyl esters (SMEs) have been known since the 1980s, but have not been widely commercialised. Through the late 1990s into 2000, there were signs of increased use in Asia and the United States across a variety of applications. They share many similarities with olefin sulphonates but, importantly, they are made from renewable oleochemical feedstocks. This is preferred by many formulators, particularly in cosmetic and personal care applications. 

SMEs can also be dried and their powder properties are better than LAS, making SME an attractive ingredient in laundry powders. Products containing high sulphonated fatty acid as the disodium salt also have good solid forms and are used in personal care applications as ingredients in bar products. 

Raw materials. The hydrophobe for SME is currently derived exclusively from oleochemical sources, rather than from petrochemicals, as in the case of LAS and AOS. While these two sources can often provide surfactants of equivalent performance, oleochemcials are frequently preferred (especially in personal care applications) because they are derived from natural ingredients. The use of renewable resources is also cited as an additional benefit of oleochemical-based surfactants and this is discussed more fully in Section 4.2.1. 

These are sulphonates with some atypical properties and are more complex in that they are polyfunctional, containing sulphonate, ester and, in the case of the half-ester, carboxylate groups. Sulphosuccinates are valued as very mild surfactants in personal care applications and, as the diester, also as highly effective oil-soluble wetting agents. 

Sulphosuccinates are prepared using a wide variety of alcohols and the choice of alcohol is a major determinant of the properties of the surfactant. In some instances, the consumers view of what materials are acceptable limits the choice of alcohol source with one example of this being the preference for oleochemical alcohols for personal care applications. 

Monoester sulphosuccinates use a wider variety of alcohols than diesters and tend to use longer carbon chain alcohols to obtain the required HLB value from a single alkyl group. A typical product for cleansing applications would use a C12-14 alcohol derived from coconut or palm kernel oil. These materials are easily available due to their use as raw materials for sulphation (see later). Effective sulphosuccinates can also be prepared from petrochemical alcohols but these seem to be less popular. Ethoxylated alcohols (typically 3 mol of EO) are also used and can provide additional benefits in personal care applications. In some cases, alkanolamides or ethoxylated alkanolamides are used as the alcohol, such as ethoxylated cocomonoethanolamide, but they are relatively uncommon, since they are difficult to manufacture and are prone to colouration. 

This class of surfactants has possibly the widest range of use of any anionic surfactant. It is found in almost every product where foaming is desirable, in industrial, household and personal care applications. Alkyl ether sulphates are described in terms of their parent alcohol and the degree of ethoxylation. Thus, sodium laureth-2 is the sodium salt of a sulphated (predominantly) C12 alcohol, with an average of 2 mol of ethylene oxide added. Often, the alcohol is assumed to be the typical C12-14 and the surfactant simply called a 2-or 3-mol ether sulphate. 

For personal care applications, the major products in this group are amphoacetates or amphodiacetates , generally based on alkyl hydroxyethyl imidazolines from either a whole coconut fatty acid distribution or a lauric cut. The ampho portion of their name is a convention established by the International Nomenclature Committee for Cosmetic Products (INCI) to indicate that they are derived from imidazoline structures. The INCI nomenclature applied to these materials, amphoacetate and amphodiacetate, is intended to give an indication of the stoichiometry used to produce them, either 1 or 2 mol of sodium chloroacetate is added to each mole of fatty imidazoline. Modern analytical methods have been used to determine the structure of these products and almost all of them are actually monoacetates . The main difference between amphoacetates and ampho diacetates is the composition of the by-products. 

In recent years one observes a growing industrial demand for organosilicon materials having properties, which can not be found in conventional polymers. These also include silicone fluids, characterized by high refraction indices, such as -1.50, utilized extensively in personal care applications. An important class of such systems are siloxanes having phenylethenyl type substituents along polymer backbone (Fig. 1). 

Maltodextrin is also widely used in confectionery and food products, as well as personal care applications. See Table I. 

Cleaning implements are also expected to enter the dish liquid market shortly. These implements could be either in the form of a wipe or dish tools like sponges/scourers recently introduced by Procter Gamble in the UK. Wipes are now expanding from personal care applications to cleaning (floor or furniture wipes). The major advantage they offer is convenience for today s busy consumer. Dish tools can add speed to traditional dishwashing. 

ACS 60 Ammonium cumenesulfonate Ammonium cumenesulphonate Benzenesulfonic acid, (1-methylethyl)-, ammonium salt Benzenesulphonic acid, (1-methylethyl)-, ammonium sail EINECS 253-519-1 Eltesol AC60 (1-Methylethyl)benzenesulfonic acid, ammonium salt. Surfactant, hydrotrope for agricultural applications. Mydrotrope, solubilizer for personal care applications. Albright Wilson UK Ltd. CK Wilco Corp. Rewo. 

Today, acetone and butanol are used as solvents and chemical building blocks for a diverse range of applications from paints, adhesives, and inks to food ingredients, cosmetic and personal care applications, to pharmaceuticals, plastics, and polymers. According to ICIS market data, the annual global markets for butanol is 3.4 million tonnes (worth over 5 billion) and for acetone it is 6 million tonnes (worth 6 billion). Today, the solvent markets are supplied petroleum-derived acetone and butanol. There is increasing demand for renewable chemicals derived from sustainable feedstocks as replacements for chemicals derived from oil. At present, renewable chemicals comprise about 10% of the chemical market and this is forecast to grow at 18% per year to 98.5 billion by 2020 [176]. 

An example of fully carboxymethylated alkyl polyamino amphoterics is the class of compounds introduced by E.G. Lomax (Figure 15.25) (37). These so-called APACS , which are mainly based on tallow, are prepared in the usual manner by carboxymethylation with monochloroacetic acid or by acrylation. Because of their mildness, they have found use in special personal care applications. 

Hair and skin conditioners in personal care applications Cationic PAM Medium to high High... 

The majority of silicone polymers/surfactants that are used in today s personal care industry are of the nonionic types. Since the derivatives of polysiloxanes could be ionic completely or partially, the properties exhibited by such compounds are different and therefore provide an entirely new range of properties and benefits. For example, cationic and amphoteric functional groups, because of increased substantivity on the hair surfaces and durable surface covering, provide antistatic effects. Polymethoxylsiloxanes modified with cationic and amphoteric groups provide both antistatic benefit as well as high gliding ability, which are very useful in personal care applications. ... 

Elder, S. T. Andrianov, C. L. Encapsulated fluorescent lightening compositions and their use in personal care applications. PCT Int. Appl. WO 2006027328, 2006 Chem. Abstr. 2006,144, 298834. 

MAP ester compositions have received significant attention because of their combination of excellent detergency and abundant, lubricious foam production with low irritation. These properties are particularly desirable in cosmetic and personal care applications. The dialkyl ester contributes to a reduction in water solubility, foam generation, and detergency properties. Hence, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of economical and simpler methods to produce high monoalkyl ester compositions. 

Personal care applications require minimal phosphoric acid and residnal alcohol levels, in addition to high MAP content. These requirements are necessary to minimize skin-irritation properties and to facilitate ease of formnlation [9]. The presence of phosphoric acid, for example, produces salt on nentralization, which may contribute to solubility or stability (phase separation) problems on formnlation. Conseqnently, considerable effort has been devoted to pnritication of polyphosphoric acid-derived materials. 

Two methods are described in Henkel [45,46] patents. In one case, unreacted alcohol is stripped from the reaction mixtnre after partial neutralization of the phosphate esters. In the second case, unreacted alcohol is removed by steam distillation, and the phosphoric acid is removed by partial neutralization followed by phase separation. Unreacted alcohol causes undesirable odor when formulated, particularly in personal care applications. Alcohol has also been removed by a thin-flhn steam distillation. Residnal alcohol level was shown to be reduced from 6 mol% to <0.5 mol% [47]. 

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