Liquid carriers

It has been pointed out (S2) that this type of operation might be widely applicable for organic oxidation processes, provided suitable inert carrier liquids can be found. It may be noted in this connection that the liquid must be reasonably resistant against oxidation and that it must not cause catalyst deactivation—for example, by chemisorption. 

Cactus Extract. A biodemulsifier has been developed that is based on a cactus extract, an activator for the cactus extract, and a carrier liquid. The cactus extract is made from the leaves and stems of the prickly pear or Opuntia family of cactus [1021]. The leaves and stems of the cactus are brought to a... 

An advantage of FIA is the possibility of using carrier liquids that contain all necessary reagents or of generating the reagents coulometri-cally in the carrier liquid. 

For the routine determination of analytes in the quality control of the production of speciality chemicals, a combination of direct current plasma emission spectroscopy (DCP-OES) with flow injection analysis (FIA) has been used. Results obtained for the determination of boron, copper, molybdenum, tungsten and zinc in non-aqueous solutions have been published by Brennan and Svehla [3], The principle has been extended to other analytes, carrier liquids, and solvents, and the details of a fully automatic system have been described by Brennan et al. [4]. 

A schematic diagram of the automated FIA/DCP/OES system is shown in Fig. 7.6. The carrier liquid is transported using a peristaltic pump, at a rate predetermined to suit the particular analysis. Teflon tubing (internal diameter 0.8 mm) is used where appropriate however, silicone tubing is applied at the roller heads to accommodate both organic and inorganic solvents. Samples are introduced by the autosampler through a loop. The size of the loop is variable for most applications a 600 pi loop is sufficient. 

To represent the above phenomena, the present simulations consider the fuel droplets to be multicomponent, consisting of a solid high-energy fuel core surrounded by a liquid carrier. For example, cubane has been used as the core material embedded in n-heptane. n-Heptane was chosen because of the availability of experimental data, but in principle any other carrier liquid could be used in the model. An infinite conductivity model is used to account for droplet... 

FFF process can be theoretically described because (a) the flow regime inside the channel of well-defined geometry can be mathematically represented (see Equation 12.1), and (b) the tractability of the various force fields employed in the different techniques allows one to describe the analyte concentration profile (see Equation 12.3). The retention ratio expresses the retardation of an analyte zone caused by its interaction with the field, and it is given by the ratio of the average velocity of the analyte zone and the average velocity of the carrier liquid (n) ... 

To generate this kind of field, that is, the cross-flow, the channel walls must be made semiperme-able, and a membrane must act as an accumulation wall so that carrier liquid is allowed to pass but not the analyte. Cross-flow FFF can be broken down into symmetric, asymmetric, and cylindrical configurations (see Figure 12.8). 

The choice of carrier liquid is primarily based on the suspension stability for colloids or solvent goodness for macromolecule solutions. Moreover, surface-charged colloidal particles are also sensitive to ionic strength and addition of surfactants. 

Mouthrinses containing fluoride consist of a concentrated solution that is prepared for use at daily or weekly intervals. As is the case for toothpastes, fluoride from mouthrinses is retained by the dental plaque and increases the concentration in saliva [172]. Mouthrinses have the advantage that their viscosity is low [173], which is aided by the use of ethanol as at least part of the carrier liquid. This enables mouthrinses to penetrate into interproximal regions, and hence carry the fluoride to parts of the tooth that are difficult to access by other means, for example, with toothpastes. 

This very specific ability of perfluorinated compounds to dissolve gases has found an application in oxygen carrier liquids (short-time blood substitutes). A perfluorocarbon dissolves three times more oxygen than the corresponding hydrocarbon, and ten times more than water. This property can be explained by the presence of large cavities in the liquid and by the weak intermolecular interactions of the medium, and not by specific interactions. 

In the present report theoretical and/or experimental evidence is given for the effect of these parameters in neutral carrier liquid membranes. 

This process uses a solvent mixture composed of ethylene dichloride and benzene and a special type of totally enclosed centrifuge developed by the Sharpies Specialty Co, and Max. B. Miller, Inc. The solvent is heavier than either the wax or oil to be processed, which permits discharge of the wax phase from the center of the centrifuge bowl without the use of a carrier liquid. 

For a strongly degenerate carrier liquid fIMb7 1, as well as neglecting the spin-orbit interaction, xc = p/4, where p is the total density-of-states for intra-band charge excitations, which in the 3D case is given by p =. In general, however, xc... 

The world-wide knowledge in design, construction and operation of hydraulic pipeline systems based on experimental investigation and operational experiences as well as on theoretical calculations has shown the efficiency and prospect of the pipeline transport of coal in comparison with other kinds of transport. However, at a level of technical projects a series of weaknesses and/or imperfections in contemporary used systems of the coal pipelining with water used as a carrier liquid have been detected. One of them is a rather difficult, energy consuming and expensive process of dehydration of coal slurry before combustion. Besides, transport of a great quantity of ballast - the carrier water - also requires considerable power inputs and usually also expensive water treatment before reutilization or... 

The third way of coal pipelining intensification supposes using the carrier liquid different than water. Oil products (crude oil, residual fuel oil, kerosene, fuel or Diesel oil and various mineral oils) or hydrocarbons (methanol, ethanol, carbonic acid, and other liquid organic compositions) can be used as a carrier liquid. 

The physical properties of the carrier liquid, especially density and viscosity, can essentially influence both main hydrodynamic parameters of the mixture flow, i.e. critical velocity VCr and the hydraulic gradient/. 

As an example, the dependence of hydrodynamic parameters of critical regime for the sand-water mixture and sand-glycol (80 % glycol solution in water) mixture is illustrated in Figure 1. The volumetric concentration C of the mixtures varied from 5 to 30 %, a mean diameter of sand was d = 0.25 mm and a pipe diameter was D = 50.4 mm. The values of the critical velocity VCr and critical pressure gradient ICr differ substantially according to the used carrier liquid. 

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