Performance benefits

Because branched ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons are used for their cost/performance benefits, they became the solvents of choice for many apphcations. Numerous solvent systems had to be reformulated to comply with Rule 66. This usually meant an increase in cost, sometimes accompanied by performance degradation. Rule 66-type regulations were adopted in many other states and cities as well. Federal specifications for coatings and many other solvent-containing materials also incorporate Rule 66 requirements. 

Other. Numerous other supercritical fluid processes and techniques have been and are continuing to be developed. The novel spray appHcation UNICARB uses supercritical CO2 to replace volatile diluents in coating formulations, thereby reducing the volatile organic compound emissions by up to 80% (128). Rapid expansion of CO2 iu the spray can also improve the quaUty of coatings, thus performance benefits are obtained in a process developed for environmental advantages. 

Aircraft engines operate in an environment that gets increasingly colder as the aircraft climbs to altitude, so Stirling aircraft engines, unlike any other type of aircraft engine may derive some performance benefit from climbing to altitude. The communities near airports would benefit from the extremely quiet... 

In some cases the performance optimization of binary and ternary mixed active systems is well documented, and it is clear from the performance synergy as to why a certain combination is used. However, in recent years mixed active formulations have become more complicated, containing up to five or six surfactant components. In these cases the performance benefits of a particular mixed active system are less well defined to anyone but the actual producer of that product. 

AOS at this proportion the micelle promotion tendency of AOS in the mixture is clearly optimal. At this composition, the authors have also observed a minimum in the surface tension vs. composition plot, and maximum performance benefits in detergency tests (see below). 

The use of AOS in toiletries and personal care products has now been established. In India, for example, AOS has been used by leading toilet soap manufacturers with clear performance benefits, especially in hard water-sensitive areas. Combo bars, where part of the usual fatty acid soap is replaced by synthetic AOS as shown in Table 29, seem to be especially attractive from a cost/performance point of view. 

These results show that important performance benefits are obtained by the addition of Au and KOAc to a palladium catalyst. Gold (Au), when added to palladium (Pd), enhanced the VAM production rate of the catalyst (VAM STY) substantially while it decreased the overall selectivity of the catalyst. This is true in both cases Pd-Au w/KOAc vs. Pd w/KOAc (764 vs. 100 93.6% vs. 95.4%) and Pd-Au vs. Pd (594 vs. 124 91.6% vs. 94.7%). Conversely, KOAc increased the selectivity of the catalyst whether or not Au is used. In the most appetizing example (Pd-Au w/KOAc vs. Pd-Au), KOAc improved the selectivity of the catalyst by 2.0% while it additionally improved the production rate of die ca yst 30%. KOAc only increased the production rate of the catalyst in the presence of Au. KOAc decreased the VAM production rate of the catalyst on its addition to the Pd catalyst where Au was absent. 

Another example of performance enhancement using a zeolite/TUD-1 catalyst is shown in n-hexane cracking using a series of zeolite-Beta-embedded TUD-1 catalysts (29) 20, 40 and 60 wt% zeolite Beta in Al-Si-TUD-1 (Si/Al = 150). These are compared to pure zeolite Beta, and to a physical mixture of 40% zeolite Beta and 60% Al-Si-TUD-1. These catalysts were tested in a fixed bed reactor, at atmospheric pressure, with constant residence time at 538°C. The pseudo-first-order rate constants are shown in Figure 41.8. Note that the zeohte-loaded catalysts were clearly superior to both the pure zeolite Beta catalyst and the zeohte-TUD-1 physical mixture. Again, this is evidence that catalyst performance benefits from a hierarchical pore stracture such as zeolite embedded in TUD-1. 

Other references (30) describe the synthesis and performance benefits of zeolites embedded in TUD-1. This concept has been reported in the literature with other mesoporous materials, but the three-dimensional nature of TUD-1 should make these embedded zeolite materials of special benefit. 

In polymer applications derivatives of oils and fats, such as epoxides, polyols and dimerizations products based on unsaturated fatty acids, are used as plastic additives or components for composites or polymers like polyamides and polyurethanes. In the lubricant sector oleochemically-based fatty acid esters have proved to be powerful alternatives to conventional mineral oil products. For home and personal care applications a wide range of products, such as surfactants, emulsifiers, emollients and waxes, based on vegetable oil derivatives has provided extraordinary performance benefits to the end-customer. Selected products, such as the anionic surfactant fatty alcohol sulfate have been investigated thoroughly with regard to their environmental impact compared with petrochemical based products by life-cycle analysis. Other product examples include carbohydrate-based surfactants as well as oleochemical based emulsifiers, waxes and emollients. 

Orlando, FL, 6th-8th May,1998, p.111-24. 6A7 PERFORMANCE BENEFITS OF FLEXIBLE METALLOCENE FOAMS IN PRESSURE SENSITIVE TAPE APPLICATIONS Smith S C... 

Zeolite ZSM-5 in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Performance, Benefits, and Applications... 

These data do not change very often, should not be entered as free text, and should introduce very little overhead into the overall registration process. It is recommended that they be cached in the application and refreshed periodically. This way, they can be accessed quickly from the memory rather than queried every time from the underline database. In memory data access is much faster than any input/output (I/O) operations, especially I/O that involves network traffic. As the dictionary data do not change very often, the performance benefit of accessing it from the cache overweighs the benefit of real-time up-to-date data. 

There is evidence of performance benefits from combining naps and caffeine consumption during sleep loss (79,80). Although these studies did not use... 

Research (albeit limited) indicates that napping produces alertness and performance benefits in operational settings. 

New product developer Such businesses develop (and patent) novel chemicals and formulations that provide additional product performance benefits or that have lower cost-in-use than the current alternatives. 

Rebrov et al. [158] synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite in micro channels. The main focus of this work was to assess the performance benefits of zeolitic coatings in micro channels compared with conventional zeolite-based pellets and powders. The coatings were performed in a sandwich of two plates of 1 cm length and width at a thickness of 2 mm. The plates carried seven channels each, which were 1 cm long and had a diameter of500 pm. The plates were positioned at a distance of280 pm from each other in the housing of the reactor. A zeolitic film of one crystal thickness was formed under the optimum synthesis conditions, which were determined as a water/silicon ratio of 130 and a template/aluminum ratio of 2 at a temperature of 130 °C after 35 h on a flat plate. The Si/Al ratio of the zeolite, which also lowers the crystal size when decreased, was optimized to a value of 28. 

Specific commercial performance benefits obtained with the antimony metals passivation process and methods used for evaluating potential benefits are discussed. Options for maximizing benefits are also presented. 

Features Performance benefits Chemistry benefits Disadvantages... 

Branching of the hydrophobe can produce some useful performance benefits and a branched hydrophobe will give slightly reduced detergency and foaming but will be more soluble and more tolerant of hard water than a linear equivalent. 

Environmental Profile Facts About the Economics, Ufe Cycle Efficiencies, and Performance Benefits, The Vinyl Institute, Morristown, N.J.,July 1993. 

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