Reproduction toxicity

Indicators of toxicity hazards include LD50, LC50, plus a wide range of in vitro and in vivo techniques for assessment of skin and eye indtation, skin sensitization, mutagenicity, acute and chronic dermal and inhalation toxicity, reproductive toxicology, carcinogenicity etc. 

As would be expected, khat overuse produces symptoms similar to those of other monoamine stimulants, such as cocaine or amphetamine, including signs of sympathetic overarousal. In the extreme this can involve a toxic psychosis. Disorders more frequently associated with chronic khat use in males are headaches, anorexia, insomnia, constipation, and respiratory illnesses (Kennedy et al. 1983). Females report higher incidences of acute gastritis, jaundice, bronchitis and hepatic diseases. Also, cathinone has toxic reproductive effects in humans and experimental animals (Islam et al. 1990). It decreases sperm count and motility, and increases the number of abnormal sperm cells. It also decreases plasma testosterone in rats. 

EPA Toxic Substances Control Act Manufacturers and processors of the C, aromatic hydrocarbon fraction must test this fraction for the following neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive effects, and oncogenicity Yes EPA 1991a (40 CFR 799.2175) EPA 1987c... 

Toxicology. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is of low-order acute toxicity reproductive and developmental effects have been reported in animal studies. 

Chemical Flash Point, °F voc Flazardous Waste Skin Irritant Toxicity Reproductive Effects... 

The evaluation of dose-response relationships is a critical component of hazard characterization (OECD, 1989 ECETOC, 1992 US , 1997a IPCS, 1999). Evidence for a dose-response relationship is an important criterion in establishing a toxic reproductive effect. It includes the evaluation of data from both human and laboratory animal studies. Because quantitative data on human dose-response relationships are infrequently available, the dose-response evaluation is usually based on the assessment of data from tests performed using laboratory animals. However, if data are available in humans with a sufficient range of doses, dose-response relationships in humans can also be evaluated. 

What is reproductive toxicity Reproductive toxicity refers to any adverse effect on any aspect of male or female sexual structure, function, and lactation including effects on the reproductive potential and viability of the offspring. This concept may also include the following ... 

As part of the safety assessment the assessor must consider the chemical structure and all the available information regarding the toxicological profile of the material. The decision to proceed with human testing should only be made if the information available provides sufficient confidence that the volunteer will not be exposed to undue risk. Key toxicological endpoints of concern for moisturizing products include skin corrosivity, percutaneous absorption, genotoxicity, skin sensitization, skin irritation, systemic toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and phototoxicity. 

Reproductive Toxicity. Reproductive data are available on women occupationally exposed to benzene (Mukhametova and Vozovaya 1972 Vara and Kinnunen 1946). The data suggest spontaneous abortions, menstrual disturbances, and ovarian atrophy. These studies are limited by the difficulty in identifying appropriate controls, problems in controlling for concomitant exposures to other chemicals, and inadequate follow-up. Only one study was found that described the reproductive effects on men exposed to benzene (Stacker et al. 1994). There are some data available from inhalation studies on reproductive effects of benzene in animals. Although there are data on adverse gonadal effects (e.g., atrophy/degeneration, decrease in spermatozoa, moderate increases in abnormal sperm forms) (Ward et al. 

In animal feeding studies, ethyl maltol has been shown to be well tolerated with no adverse toxic, reproductive, or embryo-genic effects. It has been reported that while the acute toxicity of ethyl maltol, in animal studies, is slightly greater than maltol with repeated dosing the opposite is true. Although an acceptable daily intake for ethyl maltol has not been set the WHO has set an acceptable daily intake for maltol at up to 1 mg/kg body-weight. ... 

FDA. Office of Pharmaceutical Science, Genetic Toxicity, Reproductive and Development Toxicity, and Carcinogenicity Database 2006. Retrieved from http // www.fda.gov/Cder/Offices/OPS IO/. Accessed March 18, 2009. 

Due to a lack of sufficient scientific evidence regarding safety, further tests are needed to evaluate geno-toxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, chronic and carcinogenicity. 

Matthews, E. J., Kruhlak, N. L., Cimino, M. C., Benz, R. D., and Contrera, J. F. (2006). An analysis of genetic toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and carcinogenicity data 1. Identification of carcinogens using surrogate endpoints. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 44, 83-96. 

The health-effects data on JP-8 and related fuels were reviewed for the following end points respiratory tract toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, liver toxicity, kidney toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. JP-8 was found to be potentially toxic to the immune system, respiratory tract, and nervous system at exposure concentrations near the interim PEL of350 mg/m3. Those toxicides are summarized below. 

The subcommittee also reviewed toxicologic and epidemiologic data on other endpoints hepato toxicity, renal toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, and genotoxicity of JP-8. No relevant adverse effects were observed for hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, and cardiovas-... 

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