Reproduction, toxic/adverse effects males

Reproductive Toxicity. The effects of carbon tetrachloride on reproduction have not been well investigated. Inhalation of carbon tetrachloride caused testicular degeneration (Adams et al. 1952) and reduced fertility (Smyth et al. 1936) in rats. Oral exposure to carbon tetrachloride did not adversely affect reproduction in rats (Alumot et al. 1976). Additional studies in animals using modern techniques and protocols for measuring adverse effects on reproductive parameters in males and females would be valuable. In order to be maximally useful, such studies should involve both oral and inhalation exposures, and should include a range of doses extending below those that cause frank parental injury. 

Chronic exposures to lead by inhalation or the oral route cause adverse effects that include damage to the peripheral and central nervous system, anemia, and chronic kidney damage. Lead accumulates in the soft tissues and bones, with the highest accumulation in the liver and kidneys, and elimination is slow. Lead has shown developmental and reproductive toxicity in both male and female... 

In summary, although the available reproductive studies indicate that endosulfan has no adverse effects on reproductive performance in animals, severe adverse effects on male reproductive organs have been seen in rats and mice. This apparent discrepancy needs to be resolved with further research. Endosulfan may potentially cause reproductive toxicity in humans. 

The term reproductive toxicity is used to describe the adverse effects induced by a substance on any aspect of mammalian reproduction and covers all phases of the reproductive cycle, including impairment of male or female reproductive function or capacity and the induction of nonheritable adverse effects in the progeny such as death, growth retardation, structural and functional effects (EC 2003). 

The term reproductive toxicity is sometimes used exclusively to describe toxic effects on male and female sexual function and fertility. More commonly, and in this book, reproductive effects are considered to include adverse effects on sexual function and fertility in males and females as well as developmental toxicity. 

Oral administration of 3 mg uranium/ %/day as uranyl acetate dihydrate to pregnant mice on gestation days 6-15 caused an increase in fetotoxicity (stunted fetuses, external and skeletal malformations, and developmental variations) and maternal toxicity." In reproductive studies, no adverse effects were observed in testicular function or spermatogenesis in male mice treated with up to 80mg/kg/day uranyl acetate dihydrate for 64 days."... 

Altered sexual function and fertility. Toxicity may be expressed as alterations to the female or male reproductive organs, the related endocrine system or pregnancy outcomes. The manifestations of such toxicity may include, but not be limited to, adverse effects on onset of puberty, gamete production and transport, reproductive cycle normality, sexual behaviour, fertility, gestation, parturition, lactation, pregnancy outcomes, premature reproductive senescence or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of the reproductive systems. 

What is reproductive toxicity Reproductive toxicity refers to any adverse effect on any aspect of male or female sexual structure, function, and lactation including effects on the reproductive potential and viability of the offspring. This concept may also include the following ... 

The reproductive systems of both males and females are suceptible to adverse effects of toxic substances. The study of these effects is called reproductive toxicology. 

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