Reproductive toxicity heavy metals

The general guidelines are not, by themselves, adequate for chemical substances with high acute toxicity or high chronic toxicity, such as heavy metals, chemical carcinogens, or reproductive toxins. Students and workers must follow standard work practices to contain health and environmental disasters ... 

For the sake of completeness, this chapter will also discuss the adverse reproductive effects of potential toxicants, such as ionizing radiation, pesticides and other organic environmental contaminants, as well as heavy metals, which are... 

SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by ingestion. Experimental reproductive effects. Incompatible with acids, alkaloidal and heavy-metal salts. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Br and Na20. See also BROMIDES. 

Ba, Al, [Ga], Sc, Y, Eu, Ti, [V]) generally distinguished by extreme c or x values nor can pronounced toxicides of heavy metals like Cd be attributed in this way except for abnormally high c values. The generally positive sign of the latter value (c, except for Etf+) renders a link between reproduction toxicity and metal ion addition to nucleic acids unlikely. 

Artistic inks and dyes, as well as those used in textiles are generally nontoxic, though occasionally irritating or allergenic to some. They are known to have high contents of heavy metals, such as cobalt, lead, mercury, and others, many of which are common skin irritants, and some of which are carcinogens and reproductive toxicants therefore large and frequent... 

In a reproductive toxicity study, a diet containing a number of heavy metals including the lanthanides (as oxides) was fed to mice over three generations. The highest calculated lanthanide dose in the diet was a combination of the following 156 mg dysprosium kg day , 5 mg europium kg day , 52 mg lanthanum kg day , 104 mg samarium kg day , 156 mg terbium kg day , 16 mg ytterbium kg day , and 10 mg thulium kg day . After three generations of exposure no reproductive or other health effects were observed in the treated animals. 

Fly ash from municipal waste and industrial waste incinerators contains polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), including tetrachlorodibenzo-/j-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), which are lipophiles, and heavy metals, including chromium, copper, manganese, vanadium, and lead, which are hydrophilesJ29-31 These chemicals have multiple toxicities and are known to impact the human liver, immune system, respiratory system, thyroid, male reproductive function, and CNS J32 34l Several are human carcinogensJ32 35 Enhanced toxic effects are observed in the mixtures of some of theseJ21,22 36 The mixtures of toxicants present in fly ash are complex and the mechanisms for their action on the human body are largely unknown. It is known that occupational exposure to fly... 

The partial nature of classification schemes is illustrated by lead, which could be assigned to any one of the listed categories. Thus, lead is a heavy metal (chemical class) it is transported through the environment via water, soil, and air (pathways of exposure) it is an industrial pollutant (source) it is used in paint, plumbing, gasoline, and military ordnance (use) and it is harmful to enzymes in cells in a variety of tissues, including the nervous system, male and female reproductive systems, blood, and kidneys (toxicity mechanisms). 

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