Reproductive toxic effects abnormalities

In a three-generation study of reproductive toxicity no effect was seen on fertility, viability, or litter size in rats fed dietary concentrations of 250ppm." A statistically significant increase in sperm abnormalities was seen in mice after oral administration of ferbam at lOOOmg/kg body weight per day for 5 days. No effects were seen after intraperitoneal administration, indicating that active metabolites were responsible for the teratospermia. 

Several studies suggest that long-term khat use causes reproductive toxicity. In addition to neurological effects—damage to the nervous and respiratory system have been documented—khat consumption is also associated with reproductive problems in men and women. Heavy use of khat is associated with decreased semen volume, sperm count, and sperm motility, and with an increased number of sperm appearing microscopically abnormal. 

Reviews of the results from the reproductive toxicity testing for the approved monoclonal antibody biopharmaceuticals have shown very few incidences of harm to fetuses. The only notable effects that have been observed are hematologic changes in macaque fetuses exposed to natalizumab, skeletal abnormalities in rabbit fetuses exposed to bevacizumab, and immunological deficits in mice exposed to the efalizumab murine surrogate. In each of these examples the effects seen in the fetuses were predicable based on effects seen in the adult animals. 

Reproductive Toxicity. Reproductive data are available on women occupationally exposed to benzene (Mukhametova and Vozovaya 1972 Vara and Kinnunen 1946). The data suggest spontaneous abortions, menstrual disturbances, and ovarian atrophy. These studies are limited by the difficulty in identifying appropriate controls, problems in controlling for concomitant exposures to other chemicals, and inadequate follow-up. Only one study was found that described the reproductive effects on men exposed to benzene (Stacker et al. 1994). There are some data available from inhalation studies on reproductive effects of benzene in animals. Although there are data on adverse gonadal effects (e.g., atrophy/degeneration, decrease in spermatozoa, moderate increases in abnormal sperm forms) (Ward et al. 

Synthetic dyes are extensively used in many up-to-date industrial processes and research, mainly in the preparation of textile, food, and leather products, as well as in cosmetics and medicine. The widespread application of synthetic dyes has resulted in serious environmental pollution Their occurrence in ground water and waste-water and the accumulation in sediment, soil, and various biological tissues has often been observed and reported. Dyes and intermediates can cause abnormal reproductive function in males and show marked toxic effects toward bacteria. The rate of biodegradation of the majority of synthetic dyes is very low, enhancing the toxicological hazard and environmental impact. 

It exhibited reproductive toxicity in animals, indicating paternal effects and specific developmental abnormalities in the central nervous system, eyes, and ears. Ethylenimine is a mutagen, testing positive in the histidine reversion-Ames test as well as in the... 

Pyrazole exhibited reproductive toxicity in rats and mice when administered by oral or intraperitoneal ronte. The effects include fetal death, developmental abnormalities pertaining to the nrogenital system, and postimplantation mortality. 

Reproductive Effects. Daily oral exposure to zinc sulfide to women during the last two trimesters did not cause any complications in pregnancies (Mahomed et al. 1989). No studies were located regarding reproductive toxicity in humans after inhalation or dermal exposure to high levels of zinc. Zinc deficiency in humans has been shown to result in abnormalities of labor, atonic bleeding, pre-term labor, and post-term pregnancies. 

---