Respiratory tract toxicity

Driscoll KE, Costa DL, Hatch G, Henderson RF, Oberdorster G, Salem H, Schlesinger RB (2000) Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity uses and limitations. Toxicol Sci 55 24-35. 

Hydrogen telluride is a highly toxic gas and a strong irritant to eyes, nose and upper respiratory tract. Toxic properties are similar to hydrogen selenide. Inhalation can cause damage to lungs, liver and spleen. Short exposure to a high concentration can be lethal. 

Henderson, R. J., and K. J. Nikula. Respiratory tract toxicity. In Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology, 3rd ed., E. Hodgson and R. C. Smart, eds. New York Wiley-Interscience, 2001. 

Morgan, D.L. et al., Upper respiratory tract toxicity of inhaled methylvinyl ketone in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice, Toxicol. Sci., 58, 182-194, 2000. 

Cresia, D.A., Lambert, R.J. (1989). Acute respiratory tract toxicity of the trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin. In Trichothecene Mycotoxicosis Pathophysiological Effects, Vol. 1 (V.R. Beasley, ed.), pp. 161-70. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

See also Carcinogen Classification Schemes Carcinogenesis Respiratory Tract Toxicity Testing, Carcinogenesis. 

Many examples of the use of animal exposures to study the respiratory tract toxicity of inhaled chemicals are discussed in portions of this entry describing indicators of respiratory tract response. Examples cited here demonstrate ways in which animal studies are used to help protect human populations and guide assessment of human risk. For most chemicals that pose a potential inhalation risk to workers, there are insufficient human data to set safe occupational exposure limits. Using inorganic nickel compounds as an example, epidemiological data indicate an... 

See a/so Analytical Toxicology LD50/LC50 (Lethal Dosage 50/Lethal Concentration 50) Levels of Effect in Toxicological Assessment Occupational Toxicology Pollution, Air Respiratory Tract Toxicity, Acute Toxicity, Chronic Toxicity, Subchronic. 

Cruzen, G., Carlson, G. R, Johnson, K. A., Andrews, L. S., Banton, M. I., Bevan, C., and Cushman, J. R. (2002). Styrene respiratory tract toxicity and mouse lung tumors are mediated by CYP2F-generated metabolites. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 35, 308-319. 

Clinical manifestation. It includes several syndromes a) pulmotoxic and irritative syndrome - expressed by catarrhal changes on the contact mucosa and respiratory tract, toxic pulmonary oedema b) hemotoxic syndrome - expressed by severe hemolysis of different degrees, in the severe forms - hemolytic shock and anaemia c) hepatal syndrome - characterised by subicterus or icterus, increased liver and bilirubinaemia d) renal syndrome - by oliguria or anuria, pathological deviations in the urine and acute kidney insufficiency. In the extremely severe forms consciousness is disordered. Laboratory blood and urine chemical tests show evidence of phenol metabolites, data for blood damage (increased values of free hemoglobin, reduced number of erythrocytes), positive liver tests etc. 

The health-effects data on JP-8 and related fuels were reviewed for the following end points respiratory tract toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, liver toxicity, kidney toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. JP-8 was found to be potentially toxic to the immune system, respiratory tract, and nervous system at exposure concentrations near the interim PEL of350 mg/m3. Those toxicides are summarized below. 

Few studies have directly or systematically addressed the potential for adverse effects of JP-8 or other jet fuels on the human respiratory tract. Available studies of respiratory tract toxicity of jet fuels and kerosene are described below and summarized in Table 4-1. 

Abdo, K.M., S.L. Eustis, M. McDonald, M.P. Jokinen, B. Adkins Jr, andJ.K. Haseman. 1992. Naphthalene A respiratory tract toxicant and carcinogen for mice. Inhal. Toxicol. 4(4)393-409. 

Ammonia is intensely irritating to the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract. Toxic effects include lachrymation, respiratory distress, chest pain, and pulmonary edema. A concentration of 10 ppm may be detected by odor irritation of eyes and nose is perceptible at about 200 ppm. A few minutes of exposure to 3000 ppm can be intolerable, causing serious blistering of the skin, lung edema, and asphyxia, leading to death. It is corrosive to skin because it reacts with moisture to form caustic ammonium hydroxide. Long exposure may result in destruction of tissues. 

A. Acute exposure to irritant levels causes skin and upper respiratory tract toxicity. Burning eyes and skin, cough, and wheezing are common. Noncardio-genic pulmonary edema may occur with severe exposure. Symptoms may occur immediately with exposure or may occasionally be delayed several... 

Antimony and salts (antimony trichloride, antimony trioxide, antimony penlachloride [CAS 7440-36-0]) Dusts and fumes irritating to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Toxicity through contaminatioh with sliica or arsehic may occur. Antimony trioxide is carcinogenic in test animais with iimited evidence for carcinogenicity among antimony trioxide production workers (iARC 2B). See aiso p 98. 0,5 mg/m (as Sb) 50 mg/m (as Sb) 3 0 1 (SbCIs) 4 0 1 (SbFs) The metal is sliver-white ahd has a very low vapor pressure, Some ohioride salts release HCI upon contact with air. 

High Toxic if in contact with skin, eyes or respiratory tract. Toxic to reproduction (Cat. 1 or 2). Carcinogenic and mutagenic (Cat. 3). Cmnulative effects. 

Structurally related to terpenoids are the so-called furanoter-penoids. A number of these derivatives can be found, for example, in sweet potatoes Ipomoea batatas, Convolvulaceae). The first phytoalexin isolated from the crop affected by the mould Fusarium so/a i was hepatotoxic ipomeamarone (10-157). Also of toxicological concern are four other related derivatives ipomeanine (10-158), a mixture of enantiomers ofipomean-4-ol (10-159) and ipomean-l-ol (10-160) and a mixture of diastereomers of ipomea-l,4-diol (10-161). The pneumotoxin (a respiratory tract toxicant) ipomean-4-ol is mainly responsible for the toxic effects of sweet potatoes. The use of mechanically damaged and microbially infected sweet potato as feed for cattle represents a significant risk, as in some instances this has led to the death of the livestock due to pulmonary oedema that were incurred. It seems very likely that these... 

V. Particle Characteristics That Influence Respiratory Tract Toxicity... 

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