Ethyl Maltol

2-Ethyl pyromeconic acid 3-hydroxy-2-ethyl-4-pyrone Veltol Plus. 

Solutions may be stored in glass or plastic containers. The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place. 

Ethyl maltol is used in pharmaceutical formulations and food products as a flavoring agent or flavor enhancer in applications similar to maltol. It has a flavor and odor 4-6 times as intense as maltol. Ethyl maltol is used in oral syrups at concentrations of about 0.004% w/v and also at low levels in perfumery. 

Unlike maltol, ethyl maltol does not occur naturally. It may be prepared by treating a-ethylfurfuryl alcohol with a halogen to produce 4-halo-6-hydroxy-2-ethyl-2H-pyran-3(6H)-one, which is converted to ethyl maltol by hydrolysis. 

In animal feeding studies, ethyl maltol has been shown to be well tolerated with no adverse toxic, reproductive, or embryo-genic effects. It has been reported that while the acute toxicity of ethyl maltol, in animal studies, is slightly greater than maltol with repeated dosing the opposite is true. Although an acceptable daily intake for ethyl maltol has not been set the WHO has set an acceptable daily intake for maltol at up to 1 mg/kg body-weight.  

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Ammonium glycyrrhizinate [53956-04-0] (AG), C42H N02g, is a flavor enhancer derived from Hcorice root. It is approximately 50 times sweeter than sucrose and is often used to enhance sweetness in a wide variety of food products (56). Maltol [118-71 -8] C H O, and ethyl maltol [4940-11-8], CyHgO, are used as flavor enhancers in products such as cake mixes, confections, cookies, ice cream, fmit juices, puddings, and beverages (57). 

A number of useful reviews have appeared in the course of the last few years, and a number of chemicals, such as vitamin C, p-tetralone, hexafluoropropylene oxide, piperidine, glyoxalic acid, pinacol, p-hydroxypropiophenone, sebacic acid, p-anisaldehyde, maltol/ethyl maltol. Rose oxide, linalool, perfluorooctanoic acid, hydroquinone, etc., that are commercially made (or can be made) electrochemically have been catalogued. 

Ethyl maltol, 12 49 Ethylmercuric chloride, 22 25 Ethyl-n-butylamine, 2 538t... 

Despite their importance in many pharmacological uses and potential applications, solubilities of hydroxypyranones, hydroxypyridinones, and their complexes have not been extensively and systematically investigated and established. This situation contrasts sharply with that for partition coefficients, as will become apparent in the following section. The solubility of maltol in water is approximately 0.1moldm , of ethyl maltol 0.13 mol dm, at 298 K. 1,2-Alkyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinones show the expected decrease in water-solubility as the sizes of the alkyl groups increase solubilities - in water at 298 K - of l-aryl-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinones decrease from 9 X 10 mol dm for the 1-phenyl compound through 6 x lO- moldm for l-(4 -tolyl) to 6 x 10 mol dm for l-(4 -re-hexyl-phenyl) (37). 

Each 5 mL contains hydrocodone bitartarate 2.5 mg, acetaminophen 167 mg, and 7% alcohol. In addition, the liquid contains the following inactive ingredients citric acid anhydrous, ethyl maltol, glycerin, methylparaben,... 

In most European countries, flavors that occur naturally or are generated during healing or processing by enzymatic reactions or modification generally arc considered natural flavors. Flavors that arc often referred to in the United Stales as synthetic are usually termed "artificial" in Europe. These would include such compounds as ethyl vanillin, allyl-of-iononc, and ethyl maltol. However, substances that are synthesized but chemically identical to the naturally occurring substances arc classified as "natural-identical." This class would include diacetyl, benzaldehyde, antsyl acetate, and benzophenone. 

Studies on the tautomerism of heterocycles, including pyrans and derivatives, have been extensively reviewed <2006AHC(91)1>. Computational studies have been used to examine a number of 3-hydroxy-4-pyranones such as maltol 68, ethyl maltol 69, and pyromeconic acid 70, and it has been determined that the 3-hydroxy-4-oxo tautomer is the most stable <2003JMT(639)87>. 

Ethyl Maltol occurs as a white, crystalline powder having a cotton-candy odor and a sweet, fruitlike flavor in dilute solu-... 

Identification The infrared absorption spectrum of a 1 50 solution in chloroform, determined in a 0.1-mm cell, exhibits relative maxima at the same wavelengths as those of USP Ethyl Maltol Reference Standard, similarly prepared. 

Standard Solution Dissolve about 50 mg of USP Ethyl Maltol Reference Standard, accurately weighed, in sufficient 0.1 A hydrochloric acid to make 250.0 mL, and mix. Transfer... 

GG Furaneol System (Probably mainly PG) Dog only Furaneol, Ethyl Maltol Methyl Maltol... 

C7H8IN 4-iodo-3-methyl aniline 4949-69-3 25.00 1.7004 2 10911 C7H803 ethyl maltol 4940-11-8 22.20 1.1022 2... 

C7H803 ethyl maltol 4940-11-8 474.75 41.463 2 11021 C7H9N03S o-4-toluene sulfonyl hydroxylamine 52913-14-1 773.15 70.660 2... 

Observe normal precautions appropriate to the circumstances and quantity of material handled. Ethyl maltol should be used in a well-ventilated environment. Dust may be irritant and eye protection and gloves are recommended. 

Although not included in any pharmacopeias, a specification for ethyl maltol is contained in the Food Chemicals Codex... 

Table II Food Chemicals Codex specifications for ethyl maltol.

Gralla EJ, Stebbins RB, Coleman GL, Delahunt CS. Toxicity studies with ethyl maltol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1969 15 604— 613. 

Barrand MA, Callingham BA, Hider RC. Effects of the pyrones, maltol and ethyl maltol, on iron absorption from the rat small intestine. J Pharm Pharmacol 1987 39 203—211. 

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