In vivo Techniques

Indicators of toxicity hazards include LD50, LC50, plus a wide range of in vitro and in vivo techniques for assessment of skin and eye indtation, skin sensitization, mutagenicity, acute and chronic dermal and inhalation toxicity, reproductive toxicology, carcinogenicity etc. 

McLean, J. W. von Fraunhofer, J. A. (1971). The estimation of cement film thickness by an in vivo technique. British Dental Journal, 131, 107-11. 

The first in vivo electrochemical measurements were performed in 1973 Since then bioelectrocheraists have spent much effort in developing in vivo methods of analysis. A major reason for this effort is the rapidity with which in vivo techniques... 

The experiments described above indicate that technology is available to couple SPR with mass spectrometry. These methods should be useful for protein-protein interaction mapping. For example, immobilized proteins can be used as hooks for fishing binding partners from complex protein mixtures under native conditions. The coupling of techniques can lead not only to the rapid identification of interacting proteins but will also provide information on the kinetic parameters of the interaction. This approach should serve as an excellent complement to the use of in vivo techniques such as the yeast two-hybrid system. 

The authors found that in their model for ethoxybenzamide, estimates of R obtained by use of Eq. (58) and in vivo techniques were comparable. 

Overall, in this chapter we have attempted to emphasize the need for more in vivo studies to be conducted to clarify the dynamic interplay between mechanisms of drug transport and metabolism in the human intestine under in vivo conditions. There is also a need to develop additional in vivo techniques for direct measurements of these processes in regions along the GI tract in humans, and to relate the findings to various physiological/pathophysiological conditions. This would clearly increase our knowledge of the mechanisms involved, and provide in vivo data to help develop and validate rapid and reliable in vitro intestinal models. 

Inhibition by H3 receptor may not be direct. Release measured by in vivo techniques. Release from isolated perfused heart. 5Sorne effects of histamine on dopaminergic parameters found to depend on noradrenergic activity. 

Using in vivo techniques, natural and synthetic fibrous materials have been shown to induce fibrosis and carcinogenic responses that were directly related to dose, if the materials were placed on the target tissues. Chrysotile appeared to be more biologically active than the other UICC asbestos samples or fibrous glass, with particle size and shape having some influence on the response. In vitro experiments indicate that fibers can be cytotoxic and possibly mutagenic, increase the secretory activity of fibroblasts, and possibly initiate an immune cascade. 

Newbould and Kilpatrick (N3) found that addition of plasma to the fluid perfusing a rabbit liver preparation reduced the rate of acetylation of two long-acting sulfonamides and that the rate of metabolism was dependent on the concentration of unbound drug. Anton and Boyle (A8) and Wiseman and Nelson (W15) using data from both in vitro and in vivo techniques reported a correlation between the rate of metabolism of a sulfonamide and the extent of protein binding. 

Van Hummelen, P., Zoll, C., Paulussen, J., Kirsch-Volders, M. and Jaylet, A. (1989) The micronucleus test in Xenopus a new and simple in vivo technique for detection of mutagens in fresh water, Mutagenesis 4, 12-16. 

Potts, R. O., Guzek, D. B., Harris, R. R. and McKie, J. E. (1985) A noninvasive, in vivo technique to quantitatively, measure water concentration of the stratum corneum using attenuated total-reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 277, 489-95. 

A first measurement using in vivo techniques. Experimentia, 43, 164-166. 

Microelectrodes50 have been finding many possible applications due to their miniaturized geometry and possibility of in vivo applications, although biocompatibility of the materials used, the need for sterile conditions in implantation of the electrodes, and the risk of immune reactions or thrombosis are still major difficulties for any practical application of in vivo techniques. 

Tewes BJ, Franke H, Hellwig S et al. (1997) Preparation of endothelial cells in primary cultures obtained from 6-month old pigs. In de Boer AG, Sutanto W (eds) Transport Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Vitro and in Vivo Techniques. Brain Research Pro. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 91-97... 

PURPOSE AND RATIONALE Distribution in vivo could be studied by microdialysis. Microdialysis is an in vivo technique that permits measurement of unbound drug or metabolite concentrations in extracellular fluid of specific tissue location. The unbound drag concentrations have been shown to be responsible for the pharmacological effects. The basic principle is to mimic the function of a capillary blood vessel by perfusing a thin dialysis tube implanted into the tissue with a physiological liquid (Ungerstedt). 

No doubt the most valuable in vivo technique for studying metabolism is NMRS. Although in vivo NMRS is a powerful technique providing real-time data, it is hampered by high cost, problems with sensitivity, low resolution, the need for anesthetizing the animal (of course this is not necessary for human subjects), and lack... 

Uranium can enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion, or penetration through the skin. Measurement of the quantifies of uranium in the body can be performed by two primary methods, in vivo measurements and in vitro measurements. These types of measurements are called bioassays. In vivo techniques measure the quantifies of internally deposited uranium directly using a whole body counter while in vitro techniques permit estimation of internally deposited uranium by analysis of body fluids, excreta, or (in rare instances) tissues obtained through biopsy or postmortem tissue sectioning (NCRP 1987) (USUTR 1999). Some of these analytical methods are summarized in Table 6-1. 

Jankowsky JL, Denick BE, Patterson PH (2000) Cytokine responses to LTP inducdon in die rat liippocampus A comparison of in viti o and in vivo techniques. LeaniMem7 400- 12. 

---