Reproduction, toxic/adverse effects

Reproductive toxicity. Adverse effects on either parent that may interfere with copulation, conception, gestation, parturition or maturation of the conceptus. 

Reproductive Toxicity. The effects of carbon tetrachloride on reproduction have not been well investigated. Inhalation of carbon tetrachloride caused testicular degeneration (Adams et al. 1952) and reduced fertility (Smyth et al. 1936) in rats. Oral exposure to carbon tetrachloride did not adversely affect reproduction in rats (Alumot et al. 1976). Additional studies in animals using modern techniques and protocols for measuring adverse effects on reproductive parameters in males and females would be valuable. In order to be maximally useful, such studies should involve both oral and inhalation exposures, and should include a range of doses extending below those that cause frank parental injury. 

Reproductive toxicity - adverse reproductive effects have occurred in experimental animals ... 

Toxicologists tend to focus their attention primarily on c.xtrapolations from cancer bioassays. However, tlicrc is also a need to evaluate the risks of lower doses to see how they affect the various organs and systems in the body. Many scientific papers focused on tlic use of a safety factor or uncertainty factor approach, since all adverse effects other than cancer and mutation-based dcvclopmcnUil effects are believed to have a tlu cshold i.e., a dose below which no adverse effect should occur. Several researchers have discussed various approaches to setting acceptable daily intakes or exposure limits for developmental and reproductive toxicants. It is Uiought Uiat an acceptable limit of exposure could be determined using cancer models, but today tliey arc considered inappropriate because of tlircsholds. ... 

Reproductive Toxicity—The occurrence of adverse effects on the reproductive system that may result from exposure to a chemical. The toxicity may be directed to the reproductive organs and/or the related endocrine system. The manifestation of such toxicity may be noted as alterations in sexual behavior, fertility, pregnancy outcomes, or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of this system. 

In summary, although the available reproductive studies indicate that endosulfan has no adverse effects on reproductive performance in animals, severe adverse effects on male reproductive organs have been seen in rats and mice. This apparent discrepancy needs to be resolved with further research. Endosulfan may potentially cause reproductive toxicity in humans. 

Reproductive Toxicity. Increased miscarriages were reported in one study of nurse-anesthetists exposed to trichloroethylene and other solvents (Corbett et al. 1974). A retrospective case-control study has should an approximate 3-fold increase in spontaneous abortion in women exposed to trichloroethylene and other solvents (Windham et al. 1991). Significant effects on sperm parameters were not observed in men occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene (Rasmussen et al. 1988). Adverse reproductive effects were not noted in humans that ingested water contaminated with trichloroethylene and other solvents (Byers et al. 

Ecological Acute and chronic aquatic toxicity Adverse reproductive effects on wildlife Phytoxicity... 

Copper is toxic to sensitive species of terrestrial vegetation at >40 pg/L nutrient solution (seedlings of pines, Pirns spp.), at >10 mg/kg DW leaves (cucumber, Cucumis sativus), and >60 mg extractable Cu/kg DW soil (sweet orange, Citrus sinensis Table 3.4). Among sensitive species of terrestrial invertebrates, adverse effects on survival, growth, or reproduction occur at 2 pg Cu/cm2 on paper discs (earthworms), >50 mg Cu/kg diet (larvae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar), and 53 to 70 mg Cu/kg DW soil (earthworms and soil nematodes Table 3.4). 

In aquatic environments, waterborne lead was the most toxic form. Adverse effects were noted on daphnid reproduction at 1.0 pg Pb+2/L, on rainbow trout survival at 3.5 pg tetraethyllead/L, and on growth of marine algae at 5.1 pg Pb+2/L. High bioconcentration factors were recorded for filter-feeding bivalve molluscs and freshwater algae at 5.0 pg Pb+2/L. 

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