Reproductive toxicity teratogens

At other level, it has implicated chlorophyllins in conjunction with chitosan (chl-chitosan) in the reduction of the body burden of environmental dioxins, by excretion in the feces [56]. Dioxins are the most toxic artificial compounds that mainly enter in the human body through the food. They have usually long half-lives and accumulate in the adipose tissue. The adverse effects of dioxins in the human body are the following teratogenicity, reproductive toxicity, immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity. 

Reproductive Toxicity. No data are available that impHcate either hexavalent or trivalent chromium compounds as reproductive toxins, unless exposure is by way of injection. The observed teratogenic effects of sodium dichromate(VI), chromic acid, and chromium (HI) chloride, adininistered by injection, as measured by dose-response relationships are close to the amount that would be lethal to the embryo, a common trait of many compounds (111). Reported teratogenic studies on hamsters (117,118), the mouse (119—121), and rabbits (122) have shown increased incidence of cleft palate, no effect, and testicular degeneration, respectively. Although the exposures for these experiments were provided by injections, in the final study (122) oral, inhalation, and dermal routes were also tried, and no testicular degeneration was found by these paths. 

Christian, M.S. (1983). Assessment of reproductive toxicity State of the art. In Assessment of Reproductive and Teratogenic Hazards (Christian, M.S., Galbraith, M., Voytek, P. and Mehlman, M.A., Eds.). Princeton Scientific Publishers, Princeton, pp. 65-76. 

Reproductive toxicity of acesulfame K was studied in test systems aimed at detecting teratogenicity, oral embiyotoxicity and in a multigeneration study. No teratogenicity, no embryotoxicity, and no effects on reproduction, development of the fetuses and lactation performance were found.7... 

In order to fully assess the hazardous properties of a substance with respect to reproductive toxicity, the key data requirements are a two-generation study and a prenatal developmental toxicity (teratogenicity) smdy in two species (EC 2003). 

Methoxyethyl acetate is hydrolyzed in vivo to form 2-methoxyethanol, which is subsequently metabolized to 2-methoxyacetic acid, a proported teratogenic substance. Consequently, the acetate is expected to show profiles of developmental and reproductive toxicity similar to those of 2-methoxyethanol (qv). In a case report, a woman who was extensively exposed to 2-methoxyethyl acetate, both dermally and probably by inhalation during pregnancy, gave birth to two sons with hypospadias. Because family history and medical examination showed no overt risks other than the significant exposure of the mother, and because 2-methoxyethyl acetate can cause teratogenic effects in animals, the malformations were attributed to the exposure. 

Key words REACH, CLP, Reproductive toxicity. Teratogenicity, Risk assessment. Regulatory... 

In accordance with both the old and the new European classification system teratogenic effects constitute a health hazard but a separate classification for teratogenicity is not provided. Instead, teratogens are classified as developmental toxicants, with developmental toxicity falling within the hazard class of reproductive toxicity. 

But despite the stipulated duties for industrial companies, circumstances may arise in which authorities conclude that additional measures still need to be initiated in order to improve human health and environmental protection. For this purpose, different processes are laid down in REACH as well as in the CLP Regulation and reproductive toxicants often take a special position within them. This is because reproductive toxicity is considered a particularly serious health hazard. The three procedures explained below show in more detail how substances with reproductive toxic properties are taken into particular consideration. In this context, teratogenic substances are not explicifly named by the legal texts but, as they constitute as developmental toxicants a hazard differentiation of reproductive toxicity, they are implicitly always included by the provisions. 

Specific Provisions for Reproductive Toxicants (Inctuding Teratogenic Chemicals)... 

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