Tailoring

Well completions are usually tailored to individual wells, and many variations exist. The following diagrams show a completion with a gravel pack, designed to exclude sand production downhole, and a dual completion, designed to allow controlled production from two separate reservoirs. 

Completions in horizontal wells are also tailored to the individual reservoir. Figure 9.16 shows some options tor completing horizontal wells. 

By employing this technique, the frequency range best suited for a particular material can be automatically estimated and utilized for inspection, without the need to employ a tailor-made transducer. Consequently, a single wide-band transducer can be used to get near-optimal inspection results for a wide range of materials. 

Piezocomposite ceramic can be tailored to our needs in contrast to conventional piezoceramic. The first parameter we can modify is the ceramic volume fraction. Fig. 2 indicates that the thickness coupling factor of the 1-3 composite is higher over a wide range of ceramic volume fraction between 15% and 95% than the coupling factor for PZT of about 0.52. Between 25% and 70% of volume fraction it is nearly constant at a high level of approximately 0.65. 

A number of controls are provided to enable the user to tailor the colour, scale and orientation of the displayed image to highlight details of interest. Two types of colour map are available. The Default colour map is a cold-to-hot scheme in which with cold colours such as blue used for low amplitudes and hot colours such as red, yellow and white used for high amplitudes. The Mono colour map uses intensities of red, from black upwards, to indicate increasing amplitude. 

Sampled scan data would be a benefit when it comes to certification of new inspectors or re-certification of existing staff. A large database of scans could be compiled and used randomly at test centres, which would help to avoid the samples becoming too familiar. Examinations could also be more easily tailored to the probes, types of materials and types of defects the inspector is likely to see. 

Sampled scan data can be used to improve certification, re-certification by providing a richer and more tailored environment and provides for inspection and inspector auditing... 

Another method by which metals can be protected from corrosion is called alloying. An alloy is a multicomponent solid solution whose physical and chemical properties can be tailored by varying the alloy composition. 

Ulness D J and Albrecht A C 1997 A theory of time resolved coherent Raman scattering with spectrally tailored noisy light J. Raman Spectrosc. 28 571-8... 

Bardeen C J, Che J, WIson K R, Yakovlev V V, Cong P, Kohler B, Krause J L and Messina M 1997 Quantum control of Nal photodissociation reaction product states by ultrafast tailored light pulses J. Phys. Chem. A 101 3815-22... 

A large number of studies concerned witli tliiol-tenninated molecules has been directed at tire preparation of tailored organic surfaces, since tlieir importance has been steadily increasing in various applications. Films of o> functionalized alkanetliiols have facilitated fundamental studies of interfacial phenomena, such as adhesion [190, 191], corrosion protection [192], electrochemistry [193], wetting [194], protein adsorjDtion [195, 196] or molecular recognition [197, 198, 199, 200 and 201] to mention only a few. 

Quaternary Ga In j.As jPj, grown on InP is of major importance to fibre-optic communications. In quaternary compounds, both the gap and the lattice constant can be tailored by changing the chemical composition. In thick layers, in order to avoid the generation of strain-induced defects, care must be taken in adjusting the ratio of x and v to maintain the lattice-matched composition x = 2.2v. The available gaps range from 1.34 eV in InP to -0.75 eV in... 

Calculations within tire framework of a reaction coordinate degrees of freedom coupled to a batli of oscillators (solvent) suggest tliat coherent oscillations in the electronic-state populations of an electron-transfer reaction in a polar solvent can be induced by subjecting tire system to a sequence of monocliromatic laser pulses on tire picosecond time scale. The ability to tailor electron transfer by such light fields is an ongoing area of interest [511 (figure C3.2.14). 

A further model Hamiltonian that is tailored for the treatment of non-adiabatic systems is the vibronic coupling (VC) model of Koppel et al. [65]. This provides an analytic expression for PES coupled by non-adiabatic effects, which can be fitted to ab initio calculations using only a few data points. As a result, it is a useful tool in the description of photochemical systems. It is also very useful in the development of dynamics methods, as it provides realistic global surfaces that can be used both for exact quantum wavepacket dynamics and more approximate methods. 

S.K. Gray and D..E. Manolopoulos. Symplectic integrators tailored to the time-dependent Schrddinger equation. J. Chem. Phys., 104 7099-7112, 1996. 

This database has some additional commands and search fields, which are tailored to the specific requirements of retrieving spectroscopic data, e.g., peak or multiplicity searches. 

A challenging task in material science as well as in pharmaceutical research is to custom tailor a compound s properties. George S. Hammond stated that the most fundamental and lasting objective of synthesis is not production of new compounds, but production of properties (Norris Award Lecture, 1968). The molecular structure of an organic or inorganic compound determines its properties. Nevertheless, methods for the direct prediction of a compound s properties based on its molecular structure are usually not available (Figure 8-1). Therefore, the establishment of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPRs) and Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) uses an indirect approach in order to tackle this problem. In the first step, numerical descriptors encoding information about the molecular structure are calculated for a set of compounds. Secondly, statistical and artificial neural network models are used to predict the property or activity of interest based on these descriptors or a suitable subset. 

If it is known that a drug must bind to a particular spot on a particular protein or nucleotide, then a drug can be tailor-made to bind at that site. This is often modeled computationally using any of several different techniques. Traditionally, the primary way of determining what compounds would be tested computationally was provided by the researcher s understanding of molecular interactions. A second method is the brute force testing of large numbers of compounds from a database of available structures. 

The cyclopeptide described above was tailored to form stable potassium complexes. It is one of the very few examples of complex peptide syntheses which do not lead to a natural compound. 

Tailoring polymeric systems to suit an experimental model. 

The tightrope situation that arises from balancing high mobility, low crystallinity, and optimum crosslinking is often dealt with by using copolymers rather than homopolymers. With chain composition as an additional variable, molecules can be tailored better for specific application situations. 

Electron donor molecules are oxidized in solution easily. Eor example, for TTE is 0.33V vs SCE in acetonitrile. Similarly, electron acceptors such as TCNQ are reduced easily. TCNQ exhibits a reduction wave at — 0.06V vs SCE in acetonitrile. The redox potentials can be adjusted by derivatizing the donor and acceptor molecules, and this tuning of HOMO and LUMO levels can be used to tailor charge-transfer and conductivity properties of the material. Knowledge of HOMO and LUMO levels can also be used to choose materials for efficient charge injection from metallic electrodes. 

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