High mobility

Viscosity is measured in poise. If a force of one dyne, acting on one cm, maintains a velocity of 1 cm/s over a distance of 1 cm, then the fluid viscosity is one poise. For practical purposes, the centipoise (cP) is commonly used. The typical range of gas viscosity in the reservoir is 0.01 - 0.05 cP. By comparison, a typical water viscosity is 0.5 -I.OcP. Lower viscosities imply higher velocity for a given pressure drop, meaning that gas in the reservoir moves fast relative to oils and water, and is said to have a high mobility. This is further discussed in Section 7. 

Permeability (k) is a rock property, while viscosity (fi) is a fluid property. A typical oil viscosity is 0.5 cP, while a typical gas viscosity is 0.01 cP, water being around 0.3 cP. For a given reservoir, gas is therefore around two orders of magnitude more mobile than oil or water. In a gas reservoir underlain by an aquifer, the gas is highly mobile compared to the water and flows readily to the producers, provided that the permeability in the reservoir is continuous. For this reason, production of gas with zero water cut is common, at least in the early stages of development when the perforations are distant from the gas-water contact. 

The carriers in tire channel of an enhancement mode device exhibit unusually high mobility, particularly at low temperatures, a subject of considerable interest. The source-drain current is carried by electrons attracted to tire interface. The ionized dopant atoms, which act as fixed charges and limit tire carriers mobility, are left behind, away from tire interface. In a sense, tire source-drain current is carried by tire two-dimensional (2D) electron gas at tire Si-gate oxide interface. 

Extensive discussions have focused on the conformation of the alkyl chains in the interior ". It has been has demonstrated that the alkyl chains of micellised surfactant are not fully extended. Starting from the headgroup, the first two or three carbon-carbon bonds are usually trans, whereas gauche conformations are likely to be encountered near the centre of tlie chain ". As a result, the methyl termini of the surfactant molecules can be located near the surface of the micelle, and have even been suggested to be able to protrude into the aqueous phase "". They are definitely not all gathered in the centre of tire micelle as is often suggested in pictorial representations. NMR studies have indicated that the hydrocarbon chains in a micelle are highly mobile, comparable to the mobility of a liquid alkane ... 

The high mobility of the 2-hydrogen towards Grignard reagents has been demonstrated (222). 

The tightrope situation that arises from balancing high mobility, low crystallinity, and optimum crosslinking is often dealt with by using copolymers rather than homopolymers. With chain composition as an additional variable, molecules can be tailored better for specific application situations. 

The relatively high mobilities of conducting electrons and electron holes contribute appreciably to electrical conductivity. In some cases, metallic levels of conductivity result ia others, the electronic contribution is extremely small. In all cases the electrical conductivity can be iaterpreted ia terms of carrier concentration and carrier mobiUties. Including all modes of conduction, the electronic and ionic conductivity is given by the general equation ... 

The electrical conductivity also increases with increasing metal oxide content, due to the high mobility of the metal ions. For example several glass compositions have been used as solid electrolytes in galvanic cells in which other metal ions apart from the alkaline and alkaline earth ions have been incorporated. The electrochemical cell... 

Interest in physical properties of quasicrystals is growing. Thus, a recent comment (Thiel and Dubois 2000) analyses the implications of the fact that decagonal quasicrystals have very much higher electrical resistivity, by orders of magnitude, than do their constituent metals, and moreover that resistivity decreases with rising temperature. For one thing, it seems that the concentration of highly mobile free electrons is much lower in such quasicrystals than in normal metals. 

Thus, a practical procedure would be as follows. Initially the HETP of a series of peptides of known molecular weight must be measured at a high mobile phase velocity to ensure a strong dependence of peak dispersion on solute diffusivity. 

Remove Free Liquids and Highly Mobile Wastes Stabilize/Repair Side Walls. Dikes or Liner(s)... 

M. Tammaro, M. Sabella, J. W. Evans. Hybrid treatment of spatio-temporal behavior in surface reactions with coexisting immobile and highly mobile reactants. J Chem Phys 705 10277-10285, 1995. 

The silver ions are almost randomly distributed on these sites, thus accounting for their high mobility. Many other fast ion conductors have subsequently been developed on this principle, e.g. 

The behavior of ionic liquids as electrolytes is strongly influenced by the transport properties of their ionic constituents. These transport properties relate to the rate of ion movement and to the manner in which the ions move (as individual ions, ion-pairs, or ion aggregates). Conductivity, for example, depends on the number and mobility of charge carriers. If an ionic liquid is dominated by highly mobile but neutral ion-pairs it will have a small number of available charge carriers and thus a low conductivity. The two quantities often used to evaluate the transport properties of electrolytes are the ion-diffusion coefficients and the ion-transport numbers. The diffusion coefficient is a measure of the rate of movement of an ion in a solution, and the transport number is a measure of the fraction of charge carried by that ion in the presence of an electric field. 

It will be seen that ions which have an unusually high mobility have, at the same time, an abnormally low temperature coefficient for the mobility. The points in the diagram make a definite pattern, the values... 

As will be seen from Table 2, the mobility of the hydrogen ion is even greater than that of (OH)-. This high mobility is ascribed to successive proton jumps of the kind... 

The viscosity of pure H2SO4 at 25°C is 27.6 times greater than that of water consequently the normal migration of ions is extremely slow. The comparatively high mobility of the (IISO4)- ion undoubtedly arises from successive proton transfers to the ion from an adjacent solvent molecule 2... 

High mobility for charge carriers of both polarities... 

Concerning the nature of electronic traps for this class of ladder polymers, we would like to recall the experimental facts. On comparing the results of LPPP to those of poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) [38] it must be noted that the appearance of the maximum current at 167 K, for heating rates between 0.06 K/s and 0.25 K/s, can be attributed to monomolecular kinetics with non-retrapping traps [26]. In PPV the density of trap states is evaluated on the basis of a multiple trapping model [38], leading to a trap density which is comparable to the density of monomer units and very low mobilities of 10-8 cm2 V-1 s l. These values for PPV have to be compared to trap densities of 0.0002 and 0.00003 traps per monomer unit in the LPPP. As a consequence of the low trap densities, high mobility values of 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 for the LPPPs are obtained [39]. 

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