Tailor-made materials

Source Reprinted with permission from Advanced Functionai Materials, Tailor-made polymeric membranes based on segmented block copolymers for CO2 separation, by A. Car, C. Stropnik, W. Yave, K.-V. Peinemann, 23,... 

Figure 12.16 C02/gas selectivity in single gets and different mixed gas as a function of fugacity. (-M- 0% PEC, -O- 10% PEC, -A- 20% PEG, -V- 30% PEC, 40% PEG and 50% PEC. Reprinted with permission from Advanced functional Materials, Tailor-made polymeric membranes based on segmented block copolymers for COj separation, by A. Car, C. Stropnik, W. Yave, K.-V. Peinemann, 23, 2815-2823, Copyright (2008) Wiley-VCH...

By employing this technique, the frequency range best suited for a particular material can be automatically estimated and utilized for inspection, without the need to employ a tailor-made transducer. Consequently, a single wide-band transducer can be used to get near-optimal inspection results for a wide range of materials. 

In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered that sulfur could cross-link polymer chains and patented the process in 1844 [1]. Since then rubber became a widely usable material. By the year 1853, natural rubber (NR) was in short supply. So attempts were made to undo what Goodyear had accomplished. Goodyear himself was involved in trying to reclaim vulcanized rubber to overcome the shortage of NR. Later, as a consequence of World War I, Germany introduced synthetic rubbers, namely the Buna rubbers, which raised the curiosity of polymer chemists all over the world. Subsequently, synthetic rubbers with tailor-made properties were born. This was followed by the discovery of new methods and chemicals for vulcanization and processing. It is obvious... 

An important challenge in the design of novel conjugated polymers is the synthesis of materials with tailor-made solid-state electronic properties. This section outlines the synthesis of the most significant classes of poly(para-phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs), poly(para-phenylene)s (PPPs), and related structures. Furthermore, this review demonstrates that the chromophoric and electronic properties of conjugated rr-systems are sensitive to their molecular and supra-molecular architecture. 

Unsaturated groups are very interesting for application development because this specific functionality opens up a broad range of possibilities for further (chemical) modification of the polymer structure, and therefore its physical and material properties. The direct microbial incorporation of other functional substituents to the polymer side chains, e.g. epoxy-, hydroxy-, aromatic-, and halogen functional groups, influences the physical and material properties of poly(HAMCL) even further [28,33,35,39-41]. This features many possibilities to produce tailor-made polymers, depending on the essential material properties that are needed for the development of a specific application. 

In practice, as the properties of a (nano)material emerge from the composition, size, shape and surface properties of these individual building-blocks as well as self-assembled architectures made from these building-blocks, chemists are increasingly able to synthesize tailor-made materials from the bottom up. Such techniques generally rely on... 

Gorriu, R., Jutzi, P., Eds. Tailor-made Silicon-Oxygen Compounds From Molecules to Materials-, Vieweg Braunschweig, 1996. 

Many benefits for EU industry, consumers and the environment derive from the use of renewable raw materials (a) increased competitiveness from products having tailor-made performance compared with, or in combination with, conventional materials (b) a more stable and secure source of supply (c) a reduction in environmental impact (d) new and growing markets, providing economic benefits to industry as well as and (e) employment opportunities in processing industries and the agricultural sector. 

Although the word processing is normally reserved for the method of manufacture of any finished article it is important to recognise that the word can also describe the preparation or synthesis of the material. Thus in the polymer field it can range from improved methods of synthesis of polymers with tailor made properties (see Section 5.5) to improved methods of dispersion or improved methods of extrusion. Typical technological uses are shown in Tab. 5.25. 

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