Tailoring properties

Optimize design to reduce cost or satisfy functional and performance requirements General configuration Configuration proportions such as rib depths, shell radii, fillet radii, etc. Material thickness Material alternatives—consider additives to tailor properties Process alternatives... 

The pace of development has increased with the commercialization of more engineering plastics and high performance plastics that were developed for load-bearing applications, functional products, and products with tailored property distributions. Polycarbonate compact discs, for example, are molded into a very simple shape, but upon characterization reveal a distribution of highly complex optical properties requiring extremely tight dimension and tolerance controls (3,223). 

Ongoing research efforts will lead to the arrival of even more efficient and selective metathesis catalysts with specifically tailored properties [196]. Due to the synergistic relationship between catalyst design and subsequent application in advanced synthesis [197], this progress will further expand the scope of metathesis and its popularity amongst the synthetic community. 

For many years, research efforts in materials chemistry have focused on the development of new methods for materials synthesis. Traditional areas of interest have included the synthesis of catalytic, electronic, and refractory materials via aqueous methods (sol-gel and impregnation) and high-temperature reactions [1-3]. More recent strategies have focused on the synthesis of materials with tailored properties and structures, including well-defined pores, homogeneously distributed elements, isolated catalytic sites, comphcated stoichiometries, inorganic/organic hybrids, and nanoparticles [4-13]. A feature... 

The continued development of new single-source molecular precursors should lead to increasingly complex mixed-element oxides with novel properties. Continued work with grafting methods will provide access to novel surface structures that may prove useful for catalytic apphcations. Use of molecular precursors for the generation of metal nanoparticles supported on various oxide supports is another area that shows promise. We expect that the thermolytic molecular precursor methods outlined here will contribute significantly to the development of new generations of advanced materials with tailored properties, and that it will continue to provide access to catalytic materials with improved performance. 

Recently, a general method to prepare protein-based particles with tailored properties through MS sphere templating was reported [98]. In this approach, polyelectrolytes are infiltrated into the mesopores of MS spheres pre-loaded with... 

Slomkowski, S., Miksa, B., Chehimi, M.M., Delamar, M., Cabet-Deliry, M., Majoral, J.P., and Caminade, A.-M. (1999) Inorganic-organic systems with tailored properties controlled on molecular, macromo-lecular and microscopic level. React. Fund. Polym. 41, 45-57. 

Below we describe the application of the described reactions to the synthesis of PPV derivatives with tailored properties for PLEDs. 

Although much remains to be done in the study of macroporous monoliths, recent achievements open new vistas for the preparation of supports and separation media with exactly tailored properties. The experimental work done so far... 

LDHs, both as directly prepared or after thermal treatment, are promising materials for a large number of practical appHcations in catalysis, adsorption, pharmaceutics, photochemistry, electrochemistry and other areas [1-6]. This is due to their high versatiUty, easily tailored properties and low cost, which make it possible to produce materials designed to fulfil specific requirements. 

Pages P, Vogtle P, Zinic M (2005) Systematic Design of Amide- and Urea-Type Gelators with Tailored Properties. 256 77-131 Pages P, see Zinic M (2005) 256 39-76... 

The unique ability of these LbL redox multilayer systems with control of film thickness on the nanometer scale, the composition and thickness of each alternate layer separately as well as the surface charge by choice of the topmost layer brings about design and tailored properties of devices with important applications. 

Ionic liquids offer a broad spectrum of solvent properties that can be readily distinguished from those of the typical conventional organic solvents. The possibilities for tailoring properties of ionic liquids by the selection of their structures are particularly attractive. 

In the following decades, homo-, co- and terpolymers of VAM with other vinyl esters, (meth)acrylates, and ethylene were developed to give thermoplastic materials with tailored properties that are nowadays produced as solid resins, aqueous dispersions and dispersible powders. 

Nature has long used reactions such as these to produce interesting solids such as cotton (seed pod), hemp (grass), and silk (cocoons for worms while they develop into moths) as fibers that we can strand into rope or weave into cloth. Chemists discovered in the early twentieth century that cellulose could be hydrolyzed with acetic acid to form cellulose acetate and then repolymerized into Rayon, which has properties similar to cotton. They then searched for manmade monomers with which to tailor properties as replacements for rope and sdk. In the 1930s chemists at DuPont and at ICl found that polyamides and polyesters had properties that could replace each of these. [Linear polyolefins do not seem to form in nature as do condensation polymers. This is probably because the organometaUic catalysts are extremely sensitive to traces of H2O, CO, and other contaminants. This is an example where we can create materials in the laboratory that are not found in nature.]... 

Dahne L, Leporatti S, Donath E, Mohwald H. Fabrication of micro reaction cages with tailored properties. J Am Chem Soc 2001 123 5431-5436. 

The unique properties of ILs and the ability to tailor properties by the choice of the cation, the anion, and substituents open the door to many new technologies. ILs offer the opportunity for chemical engineers to revolutionize the industry. However, there are a variety of challenges that are associated with turning ILs from scientific concepts into practical fluids for industrial use. These have to do with cost, lack of corrosion data, and absence of toxicity data. 

It has been shown that miscible polymer blends and copolymerization offer complementary routes to polymer systems of tailored properties. The recognition that miscibility (at least in a transient sense) is much more common with aromatic heterocyclic polymers than is observed with low temperature flexible... 

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